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The Cambridge Police Executive Programme
Evidence-Based Policing at Cambridge UniversityThe Cambridge University Institute of Criminology has offered a programme for senior police executives since 1995, when it was invited to offer an advanced section of the Bramshill Police College Senior Command Course. Cambridge offers serving police executives a part-time residential programme spread over six weeks a year of fulltime study plus extensive written work. The diploma in applied criminology and police management is awarded for one year of part-time study; a master's degree can be earned in two years. The Programme's unique curriculum focuses on policing for results, based on the best evidence on how to achieve best results in any social context. This strategy, known as evidence-based policing, is steadily accumulating world-wide evidence on the dimensions of crime problems and the effectiveness of alternative police responses. Over 300 police executives from around the world have graduated from the programme.
In its first 800 years, Cambridge University has commanded more Nobel Prizes than any other university in the world. Its graduates have also led more large police agencies than any other university's, at least in the English-speaking world. For fifty of the 800 years at Cambridge, its Law Faculty has supported a world-famous Institute of Criminology, providing advanced research and graduate education on the causes and prevention of crime. Since 1995, the Institute of Criminology has offered a Diploma and Master's degree in applied criminology and police management. These two courses, in sequence, comprise the Cambridge Police Executive Programme, offering the world's only graduate curriculum in evidence-based policing solely for serving police executives. This programme is now available in two part-time formats, both designed for people in full-time employment. Both formats require residence in Cambridge for three periods of two weeks each (in March-April, June-July, and September). The "Senior" format is limited to senior police executives currently or recently serving at or above the rank of Chief Inspector in the UK police or its equivalent in other nations. The "Crime Analysis" format, which is open to anyone with a strong academic record in a first (undergraduate) degree or to selected senior police leaders without prior academic qualification, is especially designed to focus on crime analysis and program evaluation. Both formats share lectures in common, with small group discussions limited to students in the same format. Both also offer a University of Cambridge Diploma in Applied Criminology and Police Management upon completion of six weeks in residence and three examination essays. Both also offer a Master's degree in Applied Criminology and Police Management to those who have earned the Diploma with strong academic achievement, after completing a second six weeks in residence, two exam essays and a Master's dissertation. For a short video describing the kind of teaching-research partnerships created by police executive graduates of the programme and their chief police executives, please see the Greater Manchester Police project presented by clicking the link to this Cambridge Ideas Video.
Police Executive Studies at Cambridge
Police executive education literally began at Cambridge in 1818 when Sir Richard Mayne enrolled at Trinity College, Cambridge. Mayne was appointed in 1829 as one of the two commissioners of the first modern police agency in the Common Law world, the Metropolitan Police Service. He went on to serve for 39 years until his death in 1868, the longest-serving Commissioner in the history of Scotland Yard. As a Barrister, his sworn duty was to insure that the police upheld a rule of law, which set an example for police around the world. |
| SIR RICHARD MAYNE |
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| PROFESSOR SIR ANTHONY BOTTOMS |
Diploma and Master's Courses
In 2009, over 50 police executives from seven countries enrolled at Cambridge in either the one-year Diploma in Applied Criminology and Police Management, or in the two-year Master of Studies (MSt) degree course in Applied Criminology and Police Management. The two courses are integrally connected, by virtue of the diploma curriculum serving as the first half of the MSt curriculum. A single application form suffices for the two qualifications. Together the qualifications constitute completion of the Police Executive Programme, in either format. Running in parallel with the Police Executive Programme are the Diploma and MSt courses in Applied Criminology, Penology and Management. This course serves prison governors, probation leaders, Magistrates, prosecutors and others. It may also change its name in the near future, possibly to "applied Criminology and Criminal Justice. Most of its students, as in the Police Executive Programme, are currently serving in public agencies within the United Kingdom. With a recent infusion of support from the UK's National Policing Agency (NPIA), the Police Executive Programme has been growing steadily since it ended its exclusive arrangement with Bramshill, which is now also under the jurisdiction of the NPIA. The programme remains a key step in executive development for mid-career police professionals who are on the cusp of assuming sole accountaibility for a large police agency. It has now become a standard step on the career ladders of the Police Service of Northern Ireland, Trinidad and Tobago, the Metropolitan Police Service of London, and the South Australian Police, among many others.
The courses are custom-tailored for mid-career police professionals who have had substantial leadership responsibilities for police operations. The typical student holds a rank equivalent to a British chief superintendent or superintendent; in rare circumstances students are accepted at a rank equivalent to that of a British police inspector. Most applicants have already completed an undergraduate university degree, but police leaders of substantial accomplishments have been admitted without previous tertiary education; many of them have excelled in their academic performance. While the programme welcomes applicants from all nations, it upholds the University's high expectations for academic performance in the English language. Curriculum
The Programme's curriculum is based on the fundamental premise of a great research university: that education must be based on the most up-to-date knowledge, and that education must constantly change in direct proportion to the changes in knowledge. As Cambridge economist John Maynard Keynes once said in response to a critic who alleged that Keynes had changed his position on a key issue,When the facts change, I change my mind. What do you do, sir?'
In almost four decades of experiments with police practices, criminology and other sciences have helped to change (and increase) the facts that are known about policing. This work has discovered previously unknown effects of arrest for domestic violence, patterns of crime concentrations in time and space, cost-effectiveness and dosage-response curves in police patrols at crime hot spots, ' effective strategies for helping victims reduce their post-traumatic stress from crime, and other important facts in policing. Criminologist have done major research in problem-oriented policing, community policing, and "broken windows" policing. More important, criminologists have engaged with police leaders in the development of new organizations, including the International Campbell Collaboration and the Academy of Experimental Criminology, that are devoted to the conduct, synthesis and promotion of evidence from controlled field studies on the consequences of police and criminal justice practices. These organizations have supported the founding of the Journal of Experimental Criminology, which publishes many major advances in knowledge about policing.
The rapid growth in knowledge about policing encouraged the development of the concept of "Evidence-Based Policing" This perspective has since been adopted in numerous police agencies and training institutes, including the FBI Academy. The concept was first set out in 1998 in a Police Foundation Lecture (see http://www.policefoundation.org/pdf/Sherman.pdf ) that defined it as the use of evidence from research
to guide practice and evaluate practitioners. It uses the best evidence to shape the best practice. It is a systematic effort to parse out and codify unsystematic "experience" as the basis for police work, refining it by ongoing systematic testing of hypotheses.'
Given this approach to advancing the police sciences, and with the advice of its International Advisory Board of senior police executives and academics, the Institute of Criminology is taking steps to focus its police research and education around the concept of evidence-based policing. The first step was a June 30-July 2, 2008 Cambridge conference of chief constables, criminologists, and statisticians to discuss the tools of evidence-based evaluations in assessing police practices and resource allocations. Sponsored by the UK's National Policing Improvement Agency (NPIA), the conference considered the development of national guidelines comparable to those issued for doctors based on the best evidence for medical practice. The conference also addressed major issues that apply to police around the world, as reported in India's national newspaper The Hindu in an article entitled "Meeting of Minds".
The second step has been to focus the curriculum on four areas that combine to provide a coherent framework for police leaders to practice evidence-based policing:
--Theories of crime causation and crime prevention --Research Methods --Police Leadership and Management --Evidence-Based Policing The third step has been to focus the research exercise of the Master's dissertation the consumption and synthesis of research, rather than on the production of research. In practice, this means that each Master's student will undertake a systematic review of the evidence on the effectiveness of a specific crime prevention or police practice, programme or policy. A systematic review differs from a narrative review in that it uses explicit criteria to search for all studies that have ever examined the same research question, so that there can be no bias in the selection of the studies reviewed. A systematic review also allows a meta-analysis, or a study of studies, to determine whether a conclusion can be discerned in an overall pattern of evidence that could not be found in reviewing research one study at a time. As NPIA Chief Executive Peter Neyroud observed at the first Cambridge conference, this approach is comparable to giving someone a fishing pole rather than a fish. With the tools of research reviews at their fingertips, 21st Century police executives are able to command the most up-to-date evidence base for any decision they may need to make. Even if they never conduct another systematic review themselves, they will always remember what such a review entails, how to distinguish a good one from a bad one, and how to interpret the conclusions in a way that applies directly to the local questions of policy and practice. These skills will enhance their capacity to lead a problem-solving police agency, not only by solving problems themselves but by teaching their subordinates better skills in the use of evidence to accomplish policing by objectives.The Jerry Lee Centre of Experimental Criminology
The key to evidence-based policing is good evidence, and the best evidence comes from controlled experiments in real-world settings. While the growth of experiments in policing has been substantial--as a recent called "Fairness and Effectiveness in Policing: The Evidence" (that can be read free at the highlighted link) has documented--the need for more evidence on policing remains substantial. In order to link the police programme (and other degree programmes in criminology) more closely to the best research methods for evaluating policies and practices, philanthropist and social science advocate Jerry Lee of the Jerry Lee Foundation of Philadelphia provided a major grant to create the world's first centre of experimental criminology at Cambridge in 2007. |
| JERRY LEE |
Where and When
Until now, the curriculum of the Police Executive Programme has always been delivered in Cambridge. But it does not need to be-at least not entirely. Core features of a Cambridge education need to be preserved wherever it is taught, and part of it must always be taught in Cambridge. But those features can be created in other locations, as long as Cambridge accepts academic responsibility for all aspects of instruction, teaching and learning. The Institute of Criminology is therefore open to discussions with leaders of democratic police organizations about possible partnerships in the delivery of the Programme at both Cambridge and locations abroad. Arrangements are currently being finalized, for example, for Indian Police Service officers to be taught in both India and Cambridge. A joint programme with an American university is also in planning, which will allow US officers to take the Diploma course at Cambridge and have it count as half of the coursework towards an MA or MS from the US institution. THE CAMBRIDGE INSTITUTE OF CRIMINOLOGY
The core features of the Programme include a) interactive lectures, b) individual tutorial supervisions, c) library research opportunities, and d) assessment by independent and anonymous examiners (see next section). These features, by Cambridge culture, include formal dinners following a guest lecture once every week that students are in residence at their Cambridge colleges. They also include morning and afternoon coffee times when all students and many academic staff congregate for informal discussion. Increasingly, study groups meet informally to review lectures and readings, and to discuss key concepts being presented in the course. These features are essential to the Programme, and are provided to both senior police and anyone who wishes to learn the course content, regardless of prior police experience. The basic strategy Cambridge has established for meeting the demand for ths content this is to open a second section of the course. While continuing the Senior Format of three blocks of two-week periods of residence each year, in March 2010 the Programme will open the Crime Analysis format to be taught alongside the Senior Format with the same lectures but separate discussion groups. The Crime Analysis format is open to any police employee of any rank with an honours degree or overseas equivalent, or to anyone else with a strong undergraduate record and good English language skills. Applicants for either section can use the Senior Format application form, with the dates of the first Crime Analysis format course block from 22 March through 1 April of 2010. Student Assessment
In order to receive academic credit for the Diploma or MSt qualifications, all students must meet the standard requirements. This includes three papers of 3, 000 words each for the Diploma, submitted electronically as an open-book take-home examination. Two more papers, plus an 18, 000-word dissertation, are required for the Master's degree. All papers are submitted anonymously by code number, and examiners are also anonymous to the student. |
| WOLFSON COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE |
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| SENATE HOUSE |
British Society of Evidence-Based Policing
One indication of the impact of the Programme on our students is their efforts to enhance the evidence about what works in policing. The most visible example is the series of experiments launched by the West Midlands, Greater Manchester and Staffordshire Police agencies in late 2010, testing a new victim-centred approach to repeat disorder and anti-social behaviour problems. These experiments were accompanied by the founding, at Cambridge, of the British Society for Evidence-Based Policing, on 1st November 2010. The first President of the Society is Detective Chief Inspector Alex Murray of the West Midlands Police. The Society will have a web page on the Cambridge platform, and will soon be able to enrol members on-line from anywhere in the world. It will meet annually in Cambridge, as well as elsewhere. The Cambridge meetings will be held on the first Wednesday in July, in conjunction with the annual Alumni Dinner of the Police Executive Programme.
Faculty
The University of Cambridge offer leading academics for lectures and supervisions. Its most senior criminologist, Professor Sir Anthony Bottoms, continues to teach in the Programme and chairs its Advisory Board. Professor Bottoms is widely known for his research on criminal career patterns, the maintenance of order in prisons, and socio-spatial characteristics of crime and offending. He has also done major research and writing on the legitimacy of police institutions, juvenile justice systems, and other topics . He is an elected Fellow of the British Academy, and has received major awards from the American and European Societies of Criminology. He was knighted by Queen Elizabeth in 2001 for his services to criminal justice. Professor Lawrence Sherman
The Programme's Director, Lawrence W. Sherman, began his career in 1971 as a research analyst in the New York City Police Department, and has since conducted over 30 field experiments with police around the US, as well as with the Australian Federal Police, the Metropolitan Police Service of London at New Scotland Yard, and other police agencies. He has served as President of the American Society of Criminology, the International Society of Criminology, and the Academy of Experimental Criminology. Sherman has lectured for police executives in Australia, India, Sweden, the Netherlands, UK, Taiwan, United Arab Emirates, Israel, Japan, Canada, New Zealand, Hungary and in major police departments around the US, including the FBI National Academy, the New York City Police, the International Association of Chiefs of Police and the Police Executive Research Forum. He is joined in the Programme's faculty by many of his colleagues at the Cambridge Institute of Criminology, including the following: 
Professor Friedrich Losel, Director of the Cambridge Institute of Criminology. A German psychologist whose research focuses on the treatment of offenders and the prevention of crime by early childhood programmes, Professor Losel has advised Her Majesty's Prison Service on the accreditation of effective rehabilitation programmes. He is the winner of the 2006 Stockholm Prize in Criminology, and has served as President of the German Society of Criminology. 
Professor David Farrington. Past President of both the British and the American Societies of Criminology, as well as the Academy of Experimental Criminology Professor Farrington is a psychologist whose work spans police practices, criminal careers, crime prevention by environmental design, and many other subjects, He is an expert in research synthesis and systematic reviews of programme effectiveness, and was founding chair of the Campbell Crime and Justice Group. Professor Per-Olof Wikstrom. A Swedish sociologist who directs one of the largest research projects ever conducted on juvenile delinquents and neighbourhoods, Professor Wikstrom is a leading scholar on the causes and prevention of crime. He has worked closely with both the Swedish and English Police. Dr. Manuel Eisner, University Reader in Criminology. A Swiss sociologist whose has conducted path-breaking research on the long-term decline in violence across Europe since the middle ages, Dr. Eisner has recently led one of the largest community crime prevention programme evaluations ever conducted in Europe. He is a Fellow of the Academy of Experimental Criminology. Dr. Timothy Coupe, Lecturer in Criminal Justice Management. Dr. Coupe heads the leadership and management stream of the Police Executive Programme. A former lecturer in several business schools, he has a substantial background in police research on problems such as residential and commercial burglary, including the use of alarms and CCTV to prevent and prosecute those crimes. He also studies performance management systems, organizational behaviour and leadership. 
Dr. Katrin Mueller-Johnson, Lecturer in Applied Criminology. A German psychologist who leads the research methods and criminological theory streams of the Cambridge Programme, her research focuses on the reliability of eyewitness testimony, as well as other forensic matters of scientific evidence. She also studies the issues of community reassurance policing, victimisation of older adults, the prevention of elder mistreatment and victims' experiences with the legal system. Mrs. Nicky Padfield, University Senior Lecturer in Law. An expert in sentencing and criminal procedure, Mrs. Padfield hears cases in Crown Court as a Recorder, with full judicial powers in each case. A Fellow of Fitwilliam College, Cambridge, she teaches future police executives (as well as law undergraduates and LLM students) about Common Law and UK principles of evidence, civil rights, punishment and appeals. She is a frequent commentator on sentencing guidelines and the frequent revisions in criminal penalties in recent years. 
Dr. Heather Strang, Deputy Director and Senior Research Fellow. An expert on restorative justice and police efforts to help victims of crime, Dr. Strang also serves as Director of the Centre for Restorative Justice at the Australian National University. She is the author of Repair or Revenge: Victims and Restorative Justice (Oxford, 2002) and has edited or co-authored four other books. She is also an expert on patterns of homicide and its prevention, having founded the Australian national homicide monitoring programme by working with every police agency in Australia and New Zealand. She provides both lectures and supervision for students in the Cambridge programme In addition to the teaching provided by internationally-known academics, the Police Executive programme offers regular guest lectures by outstanding leaders in British policing and crime prevention. These lecturers have included - Lord John Stevens, former Commissioner of the Metroplitan Police service of London
- Sir Richard Dearlove, former Director of MI 6
- Peter Fahy, Chief Constable, Greater Manchester Police
- Sir Ronnie Flanagan, Her Majesty's Chief Inspector of Constabulary (Ret.)
- Peter Neyroud, Chief Executive, National Policing Improvement Agency
- Sir Hugh Orde, while Chief Constable, Police Service of Northern Ireland
- Julie Spence, Chief Constable, Cambridgeshire
- Phil Wheatley, Director, National Offender Management Service
International Advisory Board
In late 2007, Cambridge University launched a global recruitment plan for the course. This effort began with the appointment of an International Advisory Board, with the following current membership: Chair: Sir Anthony Bottoms, Wolfson Professor of Criminology Emeritus, Cambridge University Members: Chief Constable Matthew Baggott, Police Service of Northern Ireland, UK Chief Michael Berkow, former Chief, Savannah-Chatham Metro Police Department, Georgia, USA Sir Ian Blair, Former Police Commissioner, Metropolitan Police of London James Bueermann, Police Department, Redlands, California, USA Sir Richard Dearlove, former Director, MI 6 and Master of Pembroke College, Cambridge Chief Constable Peter Fahy, Greater Manchester Police Professor Peter Grabosky, Australian National University Commissioner Malcolm Hyde, South Australia Police Sheldon Krantz, Senior Partner, DLA Piper and Director, New Perimeter Commissioner Khoo Boon Hui, Singapore Police and President, INTERPOL Professor Friedrich Losel, Director, Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge Professor Lorraine Mazerolle, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia Chief Constable Peter Neyroud, Chief Executive, National Policing Improvement Agency, UK Denis O'Connor, HM Chief Inspector of Constabulary, England and Wales Chief Constable Sir Hugh Orde, President, Association of Chief Police Officers, England & Wales Dr. RK Raghavan, Former Director, Central Bureau of Investigation, India Chief Constable Julie Spence, Cambridgeshire Police, UK Stefan Stromberg, Former Commissioner, Swedish National Police Police Commissioner Tang King-Shing, Hong Kong Police Professor David Weisburd , Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel Chief Constable (ret) Peter Wilson, Fife Police, Scotland, UKFinancial Aid
For police executives who are unable to obtain financial support from their employers to attend the courses, Cambridge University offers a small number of scholarships. At present these are limited to two major sources: the Sir Anthony Bottoms Scholars and the Wakefield Trust. Sir Anthony Bottoms Scholars. Each year a full scholarship for all fees and residential expenses is awarded to a police executive who could not otherwise enroll in the Programme. Preference is given to outstanding police leaders who have not previously had an opportunity of university-level study, but who demonstrate a high level of academic ability. Wakefield Trust. Partial or full funding of police executives from Australia, New Zealand, Canada and other nations is available from a generous gift from the Wakefield Trust. Under the terms of this gift the eligibility for funding is limited by the specific countries of origin. For information about these sources of financial aid, or any other questions about Cambridge University, these links may be of value: Course Administrator Institute of Criminology University of CambridgeDistinguished Alumni
Graduates of the Cambridge University Diploma or M.St. Courses in Applied Criminology and Police Management who have attained the rank of Chief Constable or its UK equivalent as of January 1, 2008 include the following:1. Ash, Simon Chief Constable, Suffolk 2. Baggott, Matthew Chief Constable, Police Service of Northern Ireland 3. Baker, Martin Chief Constable, Dorset 4. Baxter, Michael Chief Constable, Cumbria (Retired) 5. Bristow, Keith Chief Constable, Warwickshire 6. Cannings, Della Chief Constable, North Yorkshire (retired) 7. Farquharson, Paul Chief Commissioner of Police, Bahamas 8. Finnigan, Stephen Chief Constable, Lancashire 9. Fuller, Michael Chief Constable, Kent 10. Garvin, Paul Chief Constable, Durham (Retired) 11. Godwin, Tim Deputy Commissioner, Metropolitan Police of London 12. Hogan-Howe, Bernard Chief Constable, Merseyside Police 12. Latimer, Ian Chief Constable, Northern Constabulary 13. Love, Stephen Chief Constable, Ministry of Defence Police UK 14. Marshall, Alex Chief Constable, Hampshire 15. Maxwell, Grahame Chief Constable, North Yorkshire 16. McPherson, Ian Assistant Commissioner, Metropolitan Police; former CC, Norfolk 17. Moore, Brian Chief Constable, Wiltshire 18. Mulhern, David Chief Executive, Scottish Police Services Authority 19. Neyroud, Peter Chief Executive and Chief Constable, National Policing Improvement Agency; former CC, Thames Valley 20. Otter, Stephen Chief Constable, Devon and Cornwall 21. Parker, Gillian Chief Constable, Bedfordshire 22. Port, Colin Chief Constable, Avon and Somerset 23. Price, Sean Chief Constable, Cleveland 24. Quick, Robert Chief Constable, Surrey; Assistant Commissioner, Met. (ret.) 25. Richards, Martin Chief Constable, Sussex; former CC Wiltshire 26. Smith, Jonathan Commissioner of Police, Bermuda (Retired) 27. Spence, Julie Chief Constable, Cambridge 28. Thornton, Sara Chief Constable, Thames Valley 29. David Whatton Chief Constable, Chesire 30. Whiteley, Frank Chief Constable, Hertfordshire 31. Wilson, Peter Chief Constable, Fife (Retired) 32. Yates, John Assistant Commissioner, Metropolitan Police of London Graduate of the Cambridge M.Phil. Course in Criminology 33. Craik, Michael Chief Constable, Northumbria Those Attaining the Rank of Acting or Temporary Chief Constable 34. Edwards, Andy Dyfed and Powys 35. Langham-Fitt, Colin Suffolk (Ret)
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