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PRE-DARK AGE BRITAIN
Knol 1:A proposed model for the abandonment of the Iron Age Hill forts and reorganisation of the British landscapeAbstract (for Knol 2: see Roman Europe)The Modern British dwelling places suffixed with the don/down or din or dun place-name descriptors when juxtaposed against Hill forts are so close to each other to imply a relationship. Similarly the bury, wick and caer place-names occurring along the Roman roads clustering around Roman forts appear to be systematically connected to the forts and towns. The conclusion drawn is that territorial reorganisation of Britain may have happened progressively during the period of Hill fort abandonment from the mid 1st millennium BC through to the sub Roman period. KEY WORDS: Late Iron Age Britain, Pre-Roman Iron Age, Dark Age Britain; Hill fort, dun, dinas, don, wick, eccles, and bury place-name; Celtic Britain; Roman Britain; early Anglo-Saxons; Jastorf culture.
Knol 2 see-
http://knol.google.com/k/f-c-harris-dsc/roman-europe/1f9msww63gfy1/22#
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THE RELATIONSHIP OF FORTS AND ASSOCIATED DWELLINGS IN THE LATE IRON AGE LANDSCAPE OF BRITAIN Introduction The primary source for the Anglo-Saxon invasion immediately post the Roman departure in the early fifth century AD rests on the Ruin of Britain invective by Gildas, but he gives no dates or whether brythonic, gaelic, or cornish were the only languages spoken. Unfortunately corroborative evidence is unreliable since English traditions, largely transmitted by word of mouth in poetry, were not written down before the seventh century , which together with the Gildas account critically were incorporated into Bede's writings and the early part of the AS Chronicle . Moreover apparently there are no personal names commemorated in villages (apart from saints'-names) evident in charters, except late from approx 950AD onwards in the few estates coincident with the names of thegns associated with gifts of land and in the Doomsday book . In addition a high proportion of modern settlements have a personal prefix element presumed to originally have been a meaningful descriptor of the particular landholder, while most are either now ambiguous or unintelligible , which suggests very time-distant events for their establishment. In contrast personal names given in later charters can be readily rendered meaningfull , and thus casts doubt on the sub-Roman Anglo-Saxon period for the original village naming process. Notably tentative evidence for spoken Old English' locked in some specific place-names of the Upper Thames region founded before the Roman occupation has been demonstrated . And intriguingly recent language research points to a Scandinavian influence on English constrained to before 350AD and probably after 3600BC . Significantly, archaeological investigations covering the early post-Roman period indicate continuity rather than upheaval .
Relevant Iron Age archaeology (Figure 1)
Figure 1 Iron Age archaeology (Figure 1) i) During the early part of the 1st millennium BC expansionary movements of the Hallstatt and La Tene cultures in central Europe provided ready access to newly emerging iron weapons and agricultural implements , similarly the Jastorf pre-Roman Iron Age culture spreading out from Schleswig-Holstein around this period (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jastorf_culture, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Roman_Iron_Age ) . ii) Early in the first millennium BC Hill fort defences were strengthened with many after the mid millennium further developed with extensive ditches and ramparts . iii) Iron working was introduced into Britain around this time from the continent . iv) Derived Covesea metalwork and pottery thought to have originated in northern Europe from around the 6/7th centuries occurs in northeast Scotland (dark green script) . v) A marked change in pottery styles arrived at the end of the 5th century BC represented by angular bowl copies of the La Tene cultures found mostly around the Essex and southern England regions. The mechanism by which these types were introduced into Britain is unclear, a possible folk movement penetrating the Thames or close-trading relations between the two sides of the channel has been suggested (magenta script) . Little change in pottery styles is detected in the north during this period . vi) More dramatic is the archaeological evidence for substantial immigration (several thousands of so called Arras' burials found to date) entering eastern Yorkshire in the 5th century BC, denoted by their markedly different burial goods practices compared to others in that particular region (dark blue script) . vii) After about 400BC trade slowed down markedly along the traditional routes of the channel, northern Europe and the western seaways until around 100BC when normal contacts were again established . viii) Smelting and forging of iron objects becomes widespread in Britain during the 3rd/4th centuries BC . ix) Slingshot warfare arrived towards the end of the millennium. (Hogg: 51) x) Gallo -Belgic coins originating in the Somme area of France appeared in Kent and Essex between 150-100BC, which by 40 AD extended south of a line drawn from the Wash to Bristol Channel (red perimeter) . In summary, archaeology points to the period from the middle Iron Age extending to the Roman occupation as being one of aggression, unrest, uncertainty and tension .
AIM OF THE INVESTIGATION The aim of the investigation is therefore to examine the British landscape with the intention of trying to identify any significant landscape and/or place-name evidence present on the modern-day 3-inch AA road map (augmented for greater detail by www.streetmap.co.uk) that lends support to the historical Anglo-Saxon invasion sequence, or any perceived earlier significant disruption tentatively suggested by the Iron Age findings.
Hill fort distribution
circles = Hill forts dots = small Hill forts and dun forts of Scotland
Figure 2 Hill forts recorded in Britain - adapted from A guide to the Hill-forts of Britain' by AHA Hogg (reproduced by courtesy of HarperCollins Publishers)
The Hill forts, which mostly existed on the margins of permanent pasture and arable land in the upland regions of Britain illustrated in Figure 4 (based on Land Use by Philip: 24), perhaps represent the most significant visible feature in the Iron Age landscape represented by over 2000 so-called Hill forts of various sizes ranging from the many small of less than 0.25 hectare to the massive 30hectares and more, as indicated on the detailed record given in Hill forts of Britain', Figure 2 (Hogg). Moreover most of the Hill forts (indeed all in England) were eventually abandoned starting around 400 BC, and the rest largely terminated during the Roman period. According to the archaeological dating evidence currently available the sequence of abandonment depicted in Figure 3 proceeded approximately as follows: i) Most Hill forts in eastern England north of the Thames up to the Humber went out of use from about 300BC to 100BC (Hogg, .
ii) The Hill forts of Yorkshire and Lancashire were probably abandoned somewhat earlier .
iii) South of the Thames from Kent to the Solent, the abandonment process extended into the 1st century BC , the final stages characterised by establishment of specific heavily defended Hill forts possessing massive ramparts, e.g.Danebury, Hants (Hogg: 185, . iv) In west Dorset, Wiltshire and Berkshire any remaining Hill forts were subsequently dismantled by the Romans post the 43AD invasion , notably Maiden Castle, Hod Hill, South Cadbury (Hogg: 245, 226, 275), Spetisbury and Ilchester . Perhaps only after the Roman departure in the early 5th century was this region again contested, e.g. South Cadbury was regularly reoccupied after the Roman departure (Hogg: 275). Similarly the Hill forts of Devon and Cornwall appear to have been largely abandoned just prior to the Roman campaign in the region, with only those few still occupied dismantled by the Romans (Hogg, . v) The Romans probably dismantled the Hill forts southwest of the Severn during the 1st century AD e.g. Ffridd Faldwyn, Croft Ambrey, Sutton Walls, Credenhill (Hogg: 208, 99, 281, 184), but some in Wales survived the Roman era, e.g. Tre'r Ceiri, Caernarvonshire (Hogg: 92). The situation for the Hill forts up to the Dee is less certain but both the Wrekin and Old Oswestry Hill forts were possibly abandoned around the time of the Roman advances in to this region (Hogg: 295, 255). vi) The Bredon range near the Severn estuary went a little earlier before the Roman campaigns (Hogg: 142). vii) Annexation of the major Hill fort at Stanwick (Yorks), developed primarily in the decades prior to Roman invasion , thereafter facilitated the Roman thrust to the north around 70AD opening up the northeast coast and cross Pennine routes to Cumbria and Scotland (Salway). In its wake the borders Hill forts were dismantled (, Hogg: 139, 268, 95 - repectively Bonchester Hill, Ruberslaw, Trapain Law). The situation for southwest Scotland however is less clear, although continued occupation of defended Hill forts apparently is not evident after this period . viii) In the Highlands and Islands regions the brochs and east coast souterrains were abandoned around the 3rd century AD , but some Hill forts survived the series of Roman campaigns and continued to be occupied into later periods (Hogg: 83, ). ix) In southern England a few scattered large enclosed oppida developed from Hill forts during the 1st century BC , some existing into the Roman era (dark blue disc Figure 3)
Figure 3 Approximate abandonment sequence of Hill forts from circa 4th century BC to end of Roman occupation
A model based on primary settlement established in worth - type' places Proceeding on the notion that the invasion outlined by Gildas actually occurred the task was to try and identify tangible indications of any new settlers preceding the Roman occupation. As noted previously the Arras who consolidated a presence in east Yorkshire preserving their burial practices evidences incursions, others possibly include newcomers responsible for introducing the La Tene pottery by way of the Thames. Perhaps other unidentified Germanic and Irish groups also raided these islands early 1st millennium BC, for example north of the Forth-Clyde isthmus a fifth or so of the 260 known Hill forts of that region suffered burning represented by vitrified ramparts, tentatively carbon dated to around this period or a little earlier (Hogg). Place-names in the landscape thus seemed a reasonable starting point for identifying the postulated new arrivals. Importantly in this respect theworth' element meaning value' in a place-name is thought to represent an enclosed settlement perhaps protecting valuable communal resources. About 300 or so towns or villages mostly in England but not exclusively bear this place-name element. Since the Hill forts also existed in considerable numbers it was imagined that the fort occupants and worth' settlers might represent protagonists.
Proposed routes of encroachment The worth' places listed in Table 1 regularly occur close to Hill forts as shown in Figure 5, and therefore probably represent an early type of farm or village necessarily requiring protection until the nearby Hill forts had been rendered no longer impedimentary to further encroachment and land acquisition by new settlers, whereafter further settlements such as the ton', ham', ley' etc. could perhaps be safely established. To seek an explanation for their distribution it was assumed that the builders gained access to land through the process of gradual encroachment onto Hill fort surrounds. Reference to the first Christian dioceses boundaries seen in Figure 17 was used to provide a tentative template for the early politically homogenous groups, wherein the locations of the present worth' places (yellow disc) juxtaposed against Hogg's plot plot of the positions of Hill forts (blue disc) suggest that the worth' routes seemingly spread from Yorkshire, East Anglia and along the south coast as depicted in Figure 4, perhaps as follows:
Figure 4 Proposed routes of worth' places encroachment
Routes for England and Wales
Circa 500BC to 100BC i) Probable initial establishment of settlements in SE Yorkshire expanding out through a Humber bridgehead southwards east of the Trent and maybe also via the Wash (Cambs) moving south/southwest to the Thames through the East Midlands. ii) Ingress west of the Trent (Yorks) advancing over and around the Peak district to South Lancashire and down to the West Midlands reaching the Severn/Teme rivers. iii) Into East Anglia from coastal bridgeheads. iv) Into Essex and Middlesex from the northern bank of the Thames estuary. v) South from the London area into Surrey and eastern Kent. Circa 300BC to 40AD vi) Multiple developments from river inlets along the south coast from Hampshire to Devon. Sussex may have been penetrated via the River Arun or alternatively from north Kent/Surrey). vii) Dorset, Wiltshire, eastern Somerset and Berkshire probably remained relatively free of intrusions until the early Roman period when any remaining Hill forts were dismantled by the Romans post 43AD, notably Maiden Castle, Spetisbury, Hod Hill, South Cadbury and Ilchester along with others. Perhaps only after the Roman departure in the early 5th century was this region again contested, e.g. the short-lived re-occupation of South Cadbury (see discussion on the Roman era below). viii) Encroachment probably continued up to the Welsh mountains from the Dee down to the Severn/Teme rivers and the northern border of Herefordshire. ix) A similar advance into eastern Worcestershire overcame Bredon Hill fort just before the Romans arrived mid 1st century AD to dismantle any remaining Marches Hill forts, notably the Malverns (possibly), Croft Ambrey, Credenhill and Sutton Walls. Herefordshire itself appears to have been finally absorbed only during the sub-Roman period, the border ultimately being demarked by Offas dyke. x) The final stage of Hill fort development in south-east England during the 1st century BC involved the formation of large oppida (dark blue disc), some continuing to the Roman occupation, notably: (a) Salmonsbury, (b) Bagendon, Gloucs (c) Camulodunum (Colchester), Essex (d) Winchester, (e) Silchester, Hants (f) Dyke Hills, (g) Abingdon, Oxon (h) Selsey, Sussex (i) Old Sleaford, Lincs (j) Dragonby, Lincs (k) Leicester The following oppida were possibly despatched by the Romans during the 54BC campaign (); (l) Wheathampstead, (m) Braughing, Herts. (n) Loose, (o) Oldbury and (p) Bigbury, Kent Conceivably for Kent and Hertfordshire Chilterns this opportunity may have enabled further expansion from the earlier settled areas of the lower Thames and/or Sussex as suggested in Figures 3 and 4 by the presence of don' and worth' place-names, which presumably would otherwise not have arisen prior to abandonment of the Hill forts in these regions. Northern England and Scotland Circa post the 1st century AD i) Roman campaigns in northern England and Scotland.
The Romans quickly bypassed the newly erected fort at Stanwick(Aldbrough) in north Yorkshire around 70AD which then opened up an eastern approach to Northumberland and Scotland together with Pennine routes to Cumbria. ii) The separate settler developments along the Scottish coast north of the Firth of Forth possibly emanated from the major forts at Inchtuhil and Carpow, subsequently extended along the northeast Highlands coast could represent plantation farms and settlements or camp followers from the 2nd , 3rd and 4th century AD Roman land and sea campaigns or even later. While the Wick (bay or inlet) and Brough settlements of the NE Highlands, Shetlands and Orkney Islands suggests later Viking activity .
A. Evidence in support of an encroachment model for land acquisition and new settlement development 1. Dun, dinas, don, and down places (Table1) The term dun' was apparently acquired from the Gaelic Irish (old Irish) word meaning a fort, camp or fortified place , presumably borrowed from reference to the rampart-type Hill forts in Ireland . In the Gaelic of Scotland dun' is also regarded as meaning a fort , while in Wales and Cornwall the equivalent dinas' is considered to mean a fort . However in England and occasionally elsewhere the element usually arises as don or down' and in a few specific cases den', all deemed to refer a settlement near to or on a hill , except where den' means denu valley or denn woodland pasture. In this respect NW Devon in particular has relatively numerous places ending in'don' located in river valleys and may therefore be of the den' type. Similarly the toponymics of Little London and other London place-names, which commonly occur next to a stream, is unavailable. Indeed reliable place-name interpretation for Scotland, Wales, Cornwall and Isle of Man is also not comprehensive.
The place-names identified on the augmented AA road map containing the dun/doon, dinas, don/down, and where appropriate den element lited in Table 2 are shown plotted on Figure 5 in juxtaposition to the Hill fort positions produced by Hogg (updated with minor additions for eastern England from the latest English Heritage list). A light red disc represents the don or down' places containing an English' prefix element e.g. Swindon - also occaisionally the suffix, and respectively cyan the Welsh 'dinas' and light blue the gaelic 'dun', e.g. Dunbar including doon, doun and din' mostly found in Scotland. Observation of Figure 5 reveals that places containing these elements in the place- name are predominantly present-day farmsteads, villages, and towns located near to a former Hill fort i.e. within 4 miles or a little further depending on landscape variations, (mostly the OS1.2 hectare or greater type) . For example, on fairly flat land such as Norfolk, the Fens and Lincolnshire a 30feet high (h) Hill fort structure would still be just visible 7 miles (d) away before dropping below the horizon {calculated from the formula d(miles) =1.224h(ft} . A down(s)' seemingly also refers to open ground close by a Hill fort cluster. Such regular close proximity perhaps infers that the ' don/down/dinas/dun' terminology specifically indicates a location relationship with the Hill fort as a nearby settlement rather than being the stronghold itself.
Thus by inference the 'don/down' places evident in lowland and eastern Scotland, the south Wales coast, Gower peninsula, southern Pembrokeshire, Cornwall and Isle of Man may represent 'English' speaking settlements, possibly established in these particular regions during Roman period of induced Hill fort dissolution.
Figure 5 Dun/dinas/don/down place-names on the AA Road map superimposed onto Hill forts recorded by Hogg (Figure 2 above)
The dinas' places in Wales and Cornwall, and dun' of Scotland and Isle of Man, which are also modern-day towns, villages and farms, similarly cluster near to the Hill forts (the plot excludes the modern dun' names given to Hill forts and castles of antiquity). Thus in these cases established possibly after Roman campaigns and incursions had severely disturbed the Hill fort communities and disrupted political power, which for the Islands and Highlands of Scotland perhaps facilitated the expansion of the historical gaelic' clans sceptically discussed by historians , a term itself relevantly derived from the Latin planta' denoting offspring' and thereby family group . Notably almost 20% of the Hill forts north of the Clye -Forth line indicate (undated) destructive vitification (Hogg, )
2. Anglo-Saxon burials and cremations Burials and cremations discovered to date considered to be early Anglo-Saxon (black circles) shown in Figure 6 demonstrate reasonable visible correlation with both worth' and 'don/down' locations, excepting southwest England which has yet revealed few such finds.
Figure 6 Early Anglo-Saxon burials and cremations
B. New settlements during the Roman occupation Further tangible evidence in the form of numerous wick' places seemingly demonstrate the presence of English' speaking people already living in the landscape at the time of the Roman arrival and their subsequent further expansion into Hill fort environs. Roman invasion The Romans arrived in 43AD probably entering via the Solent and also at Richborough in Kent, to establish relatively quickly occupation of the British mainland by the end of the 1st century AD () as illustrated in Figure 7, finally withdrawing around 410 AD. The building of forts, roads and towns formed a major feature of the occupation, including the major northern barriers - Hadrians Wall erected in stone around 122AD and recommissioned around the 150's, the Antonine Wall in turf of the 140's , and the possible Severan turf wall running 132 miles along the Welsh border mentioned in the the 4th century Scriptores Historia Augusta. Subsequently these Roman facilities appear to have had a marked impact on wick' and other settlements established during the occupation period, as demonstrated in the following figures, which superimpose various scenarios on the OS map of Roman Britain.
Figure 7 Roman invasion of Britain
1. 'Wick' place-name dwellings It has been conventionally postulated that the 'wickham' place-name represents a homestead sited close to a Roman vicus i.e small town and also (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicus), and that all would have arisen at much the same date in the earliest period of large-scale Germanic settlements in the 5th century AD while the vicus still existed . Other forms of 'wick' are then said to have developed later with an English' prefix added to the wick, wicken, weeke, wyke, wich, wych etc. element, fulfilling specialised functions of cattle-, dairy-, barley- farm, smithy and so on or with a personal name . The wick' places (most of which are listed in Table 3) when superimposed onto the OS Roman Britain map demonstrably cluster around the Roman forts and towns, typically within 6 miles just off the main Roman roads, as illustrated in figure 8 (black disc), seemingly imply that the wick' may have served the vicus funtion itself, systematically contracted to supply farmstuffs or other service functions. Notably wick' distribution extends into the Scottish highlands and southwest Wales broadly in the same localities as the don/down place-names.
Figure 8 wick' places superimposed onto Roman Britain
However the 'wick' places on the coasts of northern Scotland, SW Wales, Pembrokeshire and Cornwall are probably a separate phenomenon relating to later Viking activity, the 'wick' term in this particular case meaning bay or inlet .
2. Chester' and bur' place-name dwellings The chester/caster'element found in England, e.g. Wroxeter, Lancaster, Caistor, Rochester, Portchester (dark green disc on Figure 9) is derived from the Latin castellum/castrum meaning a fortification . Presumably each was the specific name applied by English' speakers when referring to a fort or defended town occupied by Romans. The equivalent Latin versions of the names are shown on the OS Roman Britain map. However a goodly number of chester' places are just villages, farms, fields, hills and similar landscape features (small yellow disc) listed in Table 4a occuring near to a Roman fort or town as seen in the Figure, which perhaps denotes place-name proximity or in the case of a dwelling possession by the Roman facility. Similarly the more frequently found bur' place-name element (small burgundy disc) listed in Table 4b - derived from the Germanic term burh' also meaning a fortification/stronghold () also commonly arise as farms or villages near to Roman forts and towns e.g.Burton. Both the caster and bur' places are distributed in this manner from Scotland to Devon. Likewise bury' associated with farm, hall, manor, hill etc., e.g. Bury farm (red/sea green disc) listed in Table 4c invariably arise very close to Roman forts and towns.
Figure 9 chester, bur and bury' places superimposed onto Roman Britain
3. Roman forts and towns (Separate Figures 12 and 13 are presented later for Wales and Scotland) i) The landscape of England (and parts of east coast Scotland) exhibits a preponderance of borough/brough/burgh/bury' places. The first three are explained as previously, i.e. from the Old English term of burh' for a fort or stronghold, and the last bury' from the dative case- byrig denoting a stronghold of someone or by something' (). However according to the subsequent data presentation a more appropriate meaning would be someone of or by the bury' for many examples. Also those settlements also named borough derived from berg/beorg () meaning a hill have been, as far as possible, excluded from the place-name data.
Each bury' place-name listed in Table 5 commonly comprises a landscape feature or personal name element. The plot specifically for England shown in Figure 10 of those occurring approximately coincident with a Roman fort, town or road (magenta disc) i.e. within one mile or so, suggests that bury' was perhaps the colloquial name of the settlement located by or of the Roman fort or town. Figure 10 further illustrates that the bury' and burh' places occurring at an expected gap along the Roman roads perhaps represent a small Roman town or fort/stopping station yet to be discovered. Also included are potentially unidentified Roman roads (shown in cyan) connecting up lines of bury' places.
Figure 10 bury' places coincidental with a Roman fort, town or road in England
ii) The bury' places listed in table 6 and shown as magenta discs on Figure 11 are not coincident with a Roman fort or town but lie both close to Hill forts probably dismantled by the Romans () and near to a Roman road, many within 4 to 5 miles sight-distance of a Roman fort, assuming walls of about 20ft in height. Hence these presumably represent the dwelling places of contemporary English' speaking settlers in celtic' territory, perhaps camp followers that adopted the descriptor from the nearby important Roman fort or town in similar manner to the coincident bury'/Roman fort/town relationship. Indeed when the Romans arrived remnants of celtic' territory were seemingly still functioning recognised in the dun/din' element of the Latin names of Roman forts in some of the these localities, e.g.: Camulodunum (Colchester, Essex), Branodunum (Brancaster, Norfolk), Lindinis (Ilchester, Devon), Sorvodunum (Old Sarum/Salisbury, Wilts), Dunum (Hod Hill, Dorset), Camulodunum (Slack, Yorks), Moridunum (Carmarthen, Wales), Margidunum (Castle Hill, Notts), Rigodunum (? Yorks), Vxelodunum (Stanwix, Cumbria), Dunum (Maiden Castle, Dorset), Londinium, (London).
Figure 11 Non-coincident bury' places iii) A further 80 or so bury' places (red disc) depicted on Figure 11 and listed in table 7 also lie close to a Roman road, thus were perhaps similarly named with respect to a nearby Roman fort or town.
iv) The following directional burys' shown as blue discs on Figure 10 seemingly relate to a nearby Roman fort or town or to a possible stopping station on a Roman road. Exceptions being Westbury (Wilts) which lies near mining operations where perhaps a Roman fort remains to be discovered, and isolated Westbury (Hants), unless an unidentified Roman road exists nearby such as perhaps Porchester to Neatham. Also such place names occaisionally occur with an appendage, e.g conjoint Westbury/Eastbury farms, which seemingly refers to a nearby Roman fort or town on the Roman road NW from Badbury.
| Directional bury' | Possible Roman fort or town |
| Norbury, Shrops | North of Leintwardine or north of Lydbury |
| Norbury near Marbury, Ches | North of Whitchurch |
| Norbury near Stockport, Ches | North of point on Manchester to Buxton |
| Norbury, Staffs | North of point on Water Eaton to Whitchurch |
| Norbury, Gt London | North station on Hassocks to London |
| Norbury, Derbys | North of Rocester |
| Sudbury, Derbys | South of Rocester |
| Southborough, Gt London | South of Crayford |
| Southborough, Kent | South of Borough Green/Oldbury |
| Southbury farm, Gloucs | South of Wycomb |
| Sudbury, Suffolk | South of Long Melford |
| Sudbury, Gt London | South of Brockley Hill or Eastbury |
| Sudborough, Nhants | South of Ashton |
| Eastbury, Berks | East of point on Silchester to Wanborough |
| Eastbury, Herts | East of The Bury nnear Chesham |
| Eastbury, H&W | East of Tedstone Wafer |
| Westbury, Hants | Isolated, maybe lost fort |
| Westbury, Wilts | Isolated, maybe lost fort near mine workings |
| Westbury, Bucks | West of point on Alchester to Towcester |
| Westbury, Shrops | West of Viroconium |
| Westbury on Severn, Gloucs | West of Gloucester |
| Westbury on Trym, Avon | West of Sea Mills |
| Westbury sub Mendip, Somerset | West of point on Shepton Mallet to Charterhouse |
| Westborough, Lincs | West of Ancaster on Gt Casterton to Brough |
| Westbury/Eastbury farms, Dorset | Two farms together NW from Badbury |
| Tyddyn Norbury, Clwyd | North of Ruthin |
v) A small group of bury' places containing the prefix Ald, Al or Old' (orange disc) are sited near Roman forts or towns which may have acquired the place-name as a settlement near an old Roman fortification, if so, probably after the historically perceived general decline of Roman towns in the latter part of the 4th century AD (, and http://www.roman-britain.org/places).
| Pre-Roman Old' bury | Nearby Roman fort or town | RF or T abandoned* |
| Aldeby, Norfolk (Port) | Burgh St Peter | Not available |
| Albury, Surrey | Alfoldean | 3rd c |
| Albury+, Oxf | Lost | N/a |
| Albury, Herts | Braughing/Quinbury | 4th c |
| Aldbury, Herts | Durocobrivis (Dunstable) or Tring | 4th c |
| Aldborough, Yorks | Isurium | 4th c |
| Aldbrough, N Yorks | Piercebridge/Carlbury | 4th c |
| Aldbrough, Humbs | Lost- Hull (Wike) | N/a |
| Aldborough, Norfolk | Brampton/Burgh next Aylsham | 4th c |
| Aldeburgh, Suffolk (Port) | Lost | 4th c |
| Oldbury, Warks | Mandvessedum (Mancetter) | 5th c |
| Oldbury, West Mids | Metchley or Wednesbury | 2nd c |
| Oldbury, Shrops (mound) | Lost/Hartlebury | N/a |
| Oldbury on Hill, Gloucs | White Walls | 4th c |
| Oldbury on Severn, Avon | Rangeworthy or Roman camp | N/a |
| Oldbury, Kent | VAGNIASIS or Borough Hill | 4th c |
| Oldbury farm+, Eastbury H&W | Worcester | 4th /5th c |
| Oldbury farm+, Essex | Little Shelford (Shoeburyness) | - |
| Oldbury farm+, Sussex | NOVIOMAGNUS | 5th c |
| Oldbury farm+, Hants | ONNA or CALLEVA | Late 5th /6th c |
| Oldborough farm+, Warwks | Tiddington | N/a |
| Oldborough+, Devon | Bury Barton | N/a |
| Alborough farm+, Cambs | DUROLIPONT | 5th c |
| Aldborough Hatch, Essex | None (Wanstead) | - |
vi) Significantly only a mere dozen or so bury' places are mentioned in the AS Chronicle, suggesting lacking importance during the sub-Roman period, when defensive structures might have been expected to feature in turbulent times. Indeed only Bamburgh (547AD) has the build date quoted, while battle dates are given for the Aylesbury (571), Limbury (571) and Salisbury (552) settlements, and the rest are reported against much later activity. For example just the following bury' (re)-fortifications apparently formed part of Alfred's complex scheme of defences built across southern England and the midlands to repulse the Danish incursions during the 9th century ():
| Chirbury, Shrops |
| Rushbury, Shrops |
| Beckbury, Shrops |
| Oldbury, Shrops |
| Hanbury, Staffs |
| Hanbury, Worcs |
| Kingsbury, Warwks |
| Tetbury, Gloucs |
Figure 12 Roman Wales and Cornwall
Figure 13 Roman Scotland
D. Supplementary evidence 1. Eccles-type places (see Figure 14 andTable 8)
Figure 14 eccles' places superimposed on to Roman Britain
'Eccles' is a Christian place of worship , the term being adapted via Latin from the Greek for assembly and ultimately acquired as Eglwys in Welsh , Eglos in Cornish , Eccles in English and Scots and Eglis or Egles in Gaelic . The majority on the augmented AA road map can only be recognised through an associated place-name e.g. Eccleston, Ecclesfield, Egliscaynauch etc. and as just recorded places for most in Scotland . Typically they lie within convenient walking distance i.e. 4 - 6 miles (dark red disc on Figure 14) of a Roman fort or town. Presumably the notable presence in Scotland implies establishment only after the 4th century Constantine campaign when Christianity was consolidating across the empire, or possibly during the Severan offensive early in the 3rd century , if the early Chistian martyrdom of St Alban in 209AD can be trusted . It is also reported that in Cornwall from Norman times Eglos was the conventional term for a full parish church with burial rights. Nevertheless the versions of Christianity arising after the Roman departure adopted specific terms for a Christian place of worship in the different parts of Britain, which suggests that the eccles' variants were perhaps specifically a Roman and Roman period phenomenon, namely: a) Church/Kirk - respectively by English/northern English and Scots speakers. b) Llan/Lann -enclosure respectively by Welsh and Cornish speakers. c) K/Cill -cell by Gaelic speakers in Scotland, where ostensibly the lack of llan' perhaps implies that transformation to gaelic had already taken place prior to the establishment of Christianity.
2. Dykes, ditches and Hill fort anomalies in the landscape ( www.wansdyke21.org.uk/wansdyke/wanart/grigg.htm) i) Devils dyke and the other ditches on the Chilterns near the Essex border seem to delimit between the various directional encroachments from tribes to the north, south and east.
ii) West Wans dyke perhaps served similar purposes on the border between the Dumnoni - Dobunni tribes.
iii) East Wans dyke perhaps temporarily protected the Durotriges (Dorset- Wilts region) from Atrabate encroachments in the sub Roman period or alternatively from the initial Roman advance of the 1st century AD.
iv) Grims/Bokerley dykes and the other smaller dykes in SE Dorset were possibly built by the Durotriges during the sub Roman period in an attempt to resist the Atrebate advances during the consolidation of Wessex.
v) The series of Grims ditches from Woodstock to Henley on Thames are located broadly at the convergence of the Atrabates and advances from the northern tribes. vi) Offa's and Wat's dykes. The so-called Offa's dyke runs in separate parts from Llanfynydd (Clwyd) to Chepstow (Gwent) and as can be seen in figure 14 the English dioceses (c800 AD) weave along and around the dyke. Since the diocese boundaries with Wales have remained essentially unchanged, the dioceses probably came after the dyke, but if so then the dyke fell very quickly during Offa's reign (757-796).
Figure 15 Counties c800AD, Offas and Wats dykes (after Muir)
Moreover according to work done by Noble (1983), for the section south from Llandrino/Llanymynech Hill fort most parish boundaries have English place names and are cut through by the dyke. Therefore presumably these were laid out after the dyke ceased to function, since it seems unlikely a dissected parish would have existed for long either side of such a large barrier. The northern section of the dyke passes almost exclusively through Welsh place-name villages. An earlier date for construction, perhaps even Roman, could thus be considered in that the Romans would have had the resources to build such a large feature and the strategic objective of minimising the cost of the military occupation in uneconomic Welsh territory and maximising agricultural and other production elsewhere. Notably, the 4th century 'Scriptores Historia Augusta' mentions a Severan wall, circa early 3rd century built of turf and 132 miles long. In contrast Wat's dyke runs parallel only a little to the east of Offa's dyke from near Flint down to immediately south of Maesbury through the Oswestry Hill fort. Recently dated to the 9th century the structure possibly provided a defensive line protecting English place-name settlements just west of the Dee, but apparently only succeeded temporarily as these places today again lie in the Welsh diocese of St Asaph. Significantly territory to the west of Wat's dyke made food renders in the Welsh system, while to the east (English) hidated land was granted . vii) Similarly the Roman construction of the Antonine and Hadrian walls in the 2nd century AD protected the south with a buffer zone. By way of conjecture the walls separated (i.e. scotched) the northern parts, thus possibly generating the term Scotland - there being no word Scot or Scoti or any derivative in Gaelic .
viii) Bichan ditch on the Norfolk/Lincs border, and Giant's Hedge dyke in Cornwall, were also perhaps features impacting occupation and settlement. Similarly for Cattrail and Black dykes in Northumberland.
3. Pre-English place-name remnants Evidence suggests that celtic' ie. pre-English place names are more prevalent in the west and north of Britain, and also tend to occur in clusters. In this respect analysed data (yellow disc) available for the central Midlands shown juxtaposed against Hill forts in Figure 16 tentatively supports the clustering argument. But also significantly such places seem to be mainly sited in the environs of Hill forts, which may indicate that the lowland outreaches were potentially available for more intensive agricultural exploitation.
Figure 16 Pre-English place-names in the Central Midlands region
The place- names considered to contain a celtic' element are the following:
| Penkhall | Walton (4) | Penkridge | Brewood | Penn |
| Morfe | Pensnett | Kinver | Churchill | Dawles |
| Carton | Mamble | Pensax | Worsley | Doverdale |
| Bredon | Comberton (2) | Wyre | Walcot (2) | Crookbarrow |
| Crutch | Warley | Walsall | Barr | Hints |
| Leomonsley | Lichfield | Clownholme | Pentrich | Chevin |
| Cumberhill | Humber | Lime | Breedon | Charnwood |
| Comberford | Mancetter | Coundon | Meon | Crouch |
| Cheadle |
4. Remaining celtic' territory The Hill forts/Oppida likely still in 'celtic' possesion when the Romans arrived probably were: West Dorset, Wiltshire, parts of Devon and Somerset, and west Berkshire Cotswolds, West Chilterns, Cambridgeshire and parts of Lincs, Colchester region, Central/south Kent Herefordshire and Shropshire, Peak district, North Riding, Yorks Cumbria, North of the Tyne (or possiblyTees), Most of Cornwall, Scotland, Wales. E. Possible settlement and language replacement mechanisms Although a difficult phenomenon to interpret language replacement models can be proffered, notably: a) The Elite Dominance model. Here a relatively small highly organised group arrive to militarily and technologically dominate the existing population, succeeding through better central organisation based on military superiority, rank order, priestly and craft specialisations . Such a model could readily apply to the Roman occupation of Britain where control over the population and resources was quickly gained and long maintained. b) Wave of Advance model Genetic studies have been unable to detect any large-scale immigration in to Britain during the Iron Age , hence the Wave of Advance model may provide a more appropriate analogy for the English' and Gael' territorial advances secured during the second half of the 1st millennium BC and into the Roman period. Herein possession of a superior technique of exploitation (perhaps better iron weapons and implements) by a few newcomers combined with good organisation is necessary to generate an increase of population, who then continue to steadily spread out, for example as the next generation seeks additional farmland. Mathematically maintenance of five or so people per sq.km and a doubling of population every generation produce a progressive wave advancing at about 1km per year .
The period of about 300 years proposed for the spread of new settlements across Britain for a population probably in excess of 1 million living on a total land area for England of 130, 395 sq km (wikipedia), seems a reasonable approximation to this particular model. In the Islands and Highlands of Scotland and also parts of the Isle of Man, the substantial dun' settlement perhaps infers that the Gaels similarly gained territory, presumably like in England away from the the brythonic speakers whose former presence has been discerned from place-name traces .
Alternative explanations of the evidence Classical historians regard the invasion of Britain as having occurred in the early 5th century AD, and point to Gildas, Bede, the AS Chronicle and the Rivet and Smith brythonic interpretation of Roman period place-names as evidence. However the necessary defences, for example the equivalent extensive fort system needed by the Romans, is apparently not present in the landscape of that period. In contrast the archaeological interpretation of the period largely prefers continuity through the Iron to post Roman periods, but then the secondary tier defences adorned with don' and worth' nomenclature found in the vicinity of a Hill fort(s), would imply an indigenous population speaking a Germanic language in a presumed celtic' island, who disinterestedly left little folk memory of the specific celtic names of the Hill forts since none have been retained. Finally the language of the Peterborough Chronicle becomes recognisable English' in the last entries from about 1120AD where it has been suggested that the scribes (monks) probably ceased to be trained formally in Anglo-Saxon language after the Norman Conquest and so exposed their locally spoken Midlands dialect , thus perhaps A-S was confined to Essex and Wessex.
Conclusion Subject to further field evidence identifying more Roman roads and forts or improved archaeology concerning the dating of early settlements and the Hill forts, the Figures presented suggest that starting around mid 1st millennium BC the Hill fort chiefdoms undertook substantial defensive measures by strengthening existing sites and building anew, thereafter only to be gradually abandoned as various groups of new settlers encroached to permanently occupy the regions captured within the dun' and worth' place-name bounds. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jastorf_culture) During the Roman occupation seemingly a substantial proportion of Roman forts and towns acquired 'bury', wick', chester' or caer' places nearby, possibly as providers of services.
Figure 17 Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms and early Christian dioceses (c800AD)
Finally, the historical account given by Gildas and in the early entries of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle relate that after the Roman departure around 410 AD centres of tribal and political power emerged primed for conflict to subsequently generate the early Ango-Saxon kingdoms and Christian dioceses depicted in Figure 17 (based on Swanton).
Addendum (i) Ireland
Figure 18 Dun/doon place-names superimposed onto the Hill forts in Ireland proposed by Rafferty The Ring fort or Rath comprising a fairly circular area enclosed by a stone or earthen rampart, commonly situated on rounded hills in the more sheltered positions below the summit, is the normal type of protohistoric habitation found in Ireland, explained as family farmsteads or small settlements. Raferty considered such dwelling places not to be Hill forts, in that they do not seemingly defend a hilltop or other strongly defensible natural position by enclosing an extensive area of land within one or more ramparts of earth or stone. Based on field surveys and perusal of the limited archaeological literature, Raferty however has identified approximately forty sites to date, which can be tentatively included in the Hill fort category, divided into the three main classes: Class I: Simple univallate with or without an accompanying ditch. Class II: Multivallate with ditches. Class III: Inland promontary forts. Notably, when compared to Britain or the Continent the number of Hill forts in Ireland is surprisingly small. Maybe therefore further examples are awaiting discovery through more intensive air photography. The proposed Hill forts depicted in Raferty's paper are shown plotted on Figure 18 in juxtaposition to the farms, villages and towns with place-names containing a dun or doon element suffixed (often) with a Gaelic language descriptor. As in Scotland the dun/doon places also usually occur near to a Hill fort, and thus perhaps similarly represent Gaelic-speaking settlers encroaching on available farmland not exploited by the indiginous Hill fort-dwelling Brythonic speaking celts' perceived in historical myth.
(ii) Notably abandonment of the (celtic) Hill forts of Germany in the uplands between the Rhine and Elbe rivers was almost complete (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Roman_Iron_Age) as the Romans arrived to occupy the region south of a line drawn from the Main to Danube rivers just prior to having similarly overcome the Hill forts of France in the 1st century BC. In this Roman occupied territory of Germania a similar pattern to that in Britain of Roman forts sited along the Roman roads can be seen as 'burg' or 'bourg' places, in addition many Roman 'burgs' are observed on the known Roman tracks in the northern unoccupied zone of Germany reaching the Baltic and further east.
In France these Roman forts are probably represented by the chateau, chatel, chatillon villages. Likewise the castro/camp in Italy and Iberia. And grad/grod in the slavic Balkans.
Also a loose spread of don/din villages occur near Hill forts and oppida throughout the uplands from France to the Balkans, and notably in the names of some Roman towns and forts, similar to Britain.
(iii) Tun, ton, town- most settlement English' pre/suffixes can be found as equivalents on the nearby continent e.g., ley, stone, stead, ham, bury, field, thorpe, by, bridge, beck, bath, ford, wick, worth etc. but seemingly not the ubiquitous ton, or town suffix. Perhaps ton' was adapted by the 'English' early settlers from the celtic term 'dun', essentially meaning an enclosed place.
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Table 1 Worth*' place-names
| Jedburgh *, Borders | Edingworth | Elworth | Greatworth |
| Warkworth, Northumb | Badgworth | Mouldsworth | Warkworth |
| West Blackworth, T&W | Selworthy | Harwarden* | Littleworth (1) |
| Killingsworth | Bulworthy, Devon | Hunworth, Norfolk | Littleworth (2) |
| Kibblesworth | Knockworthy | Spixworth | Bayworth |
| Usworth, Dur | Delworthy | Ingworth | Sugworth |
| Nettlesworth | Widworthy, | Hanworth | Longworth |
| Plawsworth | Woolardsworthy | Ranworth | Denchworth |
| Silksworth | North/South Radworthy | Panworth Hall | Tetsworth |
| Ludworth | Wembworthy | Cranworth | Littleworth (3) |
| Hunstanworth | Ponsworthy | Riddlesworth | Chaddleworth, Berks |
| Redworth | Galsworthy | Smallworth | Padworth |
| Walworth | Exmansworthy | Halesworth, Suffolk | Dedworth |
| Hurworth on Tees | Woolfardisworthy | Braiseworth, | Littleworth Common |
| Black Hunworth | Bitworthy | Wortlingworth | Aldworth |
| Hedworth | Stitworthy | Hapworth | Charingworth, Gloucs |
| Roseworth, Cleve | Ackworthy | Ixworth | Aylworth/Ryeworth |
| Ravensworth, N Yorks | Braxworthy | Ickworth | Aldsworth |
| Wigglesworth, N Yorks | Highworthy | Timworth | Yanworth |
| Crosby Ravensworth, Cum | Atworthy | Dagworth | Chedworth |
| Eppleworth, Humber | Stroxworthy | Chelsworth | Edgeworth/Danglingworth |
| Wadworth Hill | Ashmansworthy | Dunningworth | Brockworth |
| Epworth | Goldworthy | Stetchworth, Cambs | Nailsworth |
| Sedgworth | Bulkworthy | Ailsworth | Ashleworth Quay |
| Hagworthingham, Lincs | Brexworthy | Papworth St Agnes | Twigworth |
| Benniworth | Dinworthy | Elsworth | Minsterworth |
| Faldingworth | Bradworthy | Boxworth | Ozleworth |
| Cold Hanworth | Holsworthy Beacon | Lolworth | Puddleworth |
| Cumberworth | Holsworthy | Needingworth | Blanchworth |
| Potterhanworth Booths | Chilsworthy (1) | Molesworth | Badgeworth |
| Potterhanworth | Pyworthy | Wentworth | Pebworth, Worcs |
| Langworth | Beaworthy | Buckworth | Bengeworth |
| Susworth | Eworthy | Catworth | Littleworth (1) |
| Burton Pedwardine* | Ebsworthy Town | Folksworth | Littelworth (2) |
| Worth'sfarm | Kinworthy | Kneesworth | Pedwardine*, Herefords |
| Pickworth | Willsworthy | Harringworth | Blackwardine* |
| Clayworth, Notts | Wapsworthy | Pickworth, Leics | Leintwardine* |
| Torworth | Gulworthy | Kibworth Beauchamp | Lugwardine* |
| Farworth | Chilsworthy | Theddingworth | Bredwardine* |
| Scaftworth | Hexworthy | Husbands Bosworth | Tortworth, Avon |
| Harworth | Higher Cookworthy | North/South Kilworth | Bishopsworth |
| Rainworth | Halsworthy | Lutterworth, Leics | Dennisworth farm |
| Bidworth | Cornworthy | Market Bosworth | Rangeworthy |
| Awsworth | East Cornworthy | Bagworth | Paddlesworth (1), Kent |
| Keyworth | Whitlocksworthy | Worthington | Worth |
| Hawksworth | Whitlocksworthy | Kegworth | Paddlesworth (2) |
| Ackworth, W Yorks | Natsworthy | Diseworth | Trimworth Manor |
| Ackworth Moor Top | Eggworthy | Frolesworthy | Chegworth |
| Badsworth | Huckworthy | Littleworth, Stafford | Mereworth |
| Haworth | Silworthy | Littleworth, Cannock | Possingworth, E Sussex |
| Hawksworth | Pinkworthy | Littleworth, by Norbury | Worth farm |
| Cullingworth | Worthen | Tamworth, Staffs | Town Littleworth |
| Hainworth | Lewworthy | Bedworth, Warwks | Worth, W Sussex |
| Rishworth | Hopworthy | Kenilworth | Worth Abbey |
| Hunsworth | Lodgeworthy | Bedsworth | Littleworth |
| Hepworth | Wishworthy | Tanworth in Arden | Petworth |
| Upper Cumberworth | Cookworthy | Lindsworth, W Mids | Lodsworth |
| Ingbirchworth | Pittsworthy | Tidworth | Fittleworth |
| Rishworth | Bulsworthy | Handsworth | Abingworth |
| Hemsworth, S Yorks | Maxworthy, Cornwall | Cheswardine*, Shrops | Sugworth |
| Cudworth | Canworthy Water | Wrockwardine* | Danworth farm |
| Littleworth | Wilksworthy | Stanwardine* | Hadworth farm |
| Dodworth | Roseworthy nr Camborne | Shrawardine* | Colworth |
| Crsworth | Roseworthy nr Truro | Worthen | Tadworth, Surrey |
| Wentworth | Chilsworthy near Tavistock | Bulwardine* | Bletchworth |
| Kimberworth | Wingerworth, Derbys | Inworth, Essex | Tolworth, Gt Lon |
| Hemsworth | Wirksworth | Sawbridgeworth, Herts | Walworth |
| Handsworth | Chisworth | Datchworth | Wandsworth |
| Holdworth | Mackworth | Letchworth | Wentworth |
| Littleworth | Charlesworth | Walsworth | Chilworth |
| Holdworth | Whitworth, Lancs | Old Knebworth | Emsworth, Hants |
| Dungworth | Shutterworth | Knebworth | Blendworth |
| Turnworth, Dorset | Edgworth | Rickmansworth | Bentworth |
| Bloxworth | Penswortham | Batchworth | Tunworth |
| Hemsworth | Farnworth | Hanworth, Gt Lon | Ibworth |
| Wilksworth | Tottleworth | Isleworth, Gt Lon | Ashmansworth |
| Hamworthy | Unsworth | Harmondsworth Gt Lon | Goodworth |
| Charisworth | Saddleworth | Tilsworth, Bedfords | Kings Worthy |
| Keysworth farm | Duckworth Hall | Tebworth | Blendworth |
| Closworth, Somerset | Tottleworth | Kensworth Common | Segensworth |
| Tatworth | Shadsworth | Edworth | Beauworth |
| Cudworth | Ainsworth | Eyeworth | Hamptworth, Wilts |
| Burnworthy | Farnworth, Gt Man | Wrestlingworth | North Tidworth |
| Clatworthy | Failsworth | Colmworth | Atworth |
| Elworthy farm | Hollingworth | Littleworth | Brinkworth |
| Rexworthy farm | Southworth Hall farm | Colworth | Highworth |
| Lexworthy | Langworthy | Marshworth, Bucks | Chelworth |
| Chilworthy House | Gawsworth, Ches | Arthingworth, Nhants | Ballawattleworth fm, I of M |
| Hadworthy | Great Budworth | Brixworth | Stickworth Hall, I of Wight |
| Huntsworth | Little Budworth | Culworth | Elmsworth farm, Isle of W |
| He/Dods/Brinkworth(York) |
- worth = enclosed settlement ()
Table 2a Don/down/den place-names (farm, village or town) with an English' pre or suffix
| England | Neasden, Middlesex | Standon, Staffs |
| Rosedown, Devon | Hendon, Middlesex | Shebdon, Staffs |
| Collingsdown, Devon | Hoddesdon, Middlesex | Great/Little Saredon* |
| Southdown, Devon | Hendon, Middlesex | Seisdon, Staffs* |
| Southdown, Devon | Hillingdon, Middlesex | Swindon, Staffs |
| Whiddon Down, Devon | Sandon, Middlesex | Dunley, Staffs* |
| Longdown, Devon | Standon, Middlesex | Endon, Staffs |
| Downgate, Devon | Wimbledon, Surrey | Western Downs, Stafford |
| Westdown, Devon | Lower Raydon, Suffolk | Endon Bank, Staffs |
| East Down, Devon | Hawkdon, Suffolk | Longsdon, Staffs |
| Longdown, Devon | Raydon, Suffolk | Upper Elkstone, Staffs |
| Down St Mary, Devon | Claydon, Suffolk | Grindon, Staffs |
| Blagdown Hills, Devon | Hawkdon, Suffolk | Cauldon, Staffs |
| Blagdon Hill, Devon | Thorndon, Suffolk | Longdon Upon Tern, Shrops |
| Maundown, Devon | Reydon, Suffolk | Snydon, Shrops |
| Meddon, Devon | Dinburgh, Suffolk | Ensdon, Shrops |
| Meldon, Devon | Thorndon, Suffolk | Longden, Shrops |
| Brendon, Devon | Roydon, Suffolk | Stottesdon, Shrops |
| Rousdon, Devon | Brandon, Suffolk | The Down |
| Dunchideock, Devon* | Santon Downham, Suffolk | Bromdon, Shrops* |
| Farringdon, Devon | Dunsdon Green, Bucks | Gulden Down, Shrops |
| Marldon, Devon | Hambledon, Bucks | The Downs, Shrops |
| Clayhidon, Devon | Bovingdon, Bucks | Aldon, Shrops* |
| Cheldon, Devon | Downley, Bucks | Forden, Shrops* |
| Blagdon, Devon | Bellingdon, Bucks | Burgedin. Shrops* |
| Dundon, Somerset | Hollingdon, Bucks | Evedon, Lincs |
| Kingsdon, Somerset | Whaddon, Bucks | Donington, Lincs |
| Blagdon, Somerset | Hillesden, Bucks | Dunholme, Lincs |
| Bleadon, Somerset | Steeple Claydon, Bucks | Headon, Notts |
| Wembdon, Somerset | Middle Claydon, Bucks | Dunham, Notts |
| Dunball, Somerset | East Claydon, Bucks | Farndon, Notts |
| Dinder, Somerset | Botolph Claydon, Bucks | Dunsill, Notts |
| Downhead, Somsert | Poundon, Bucks | Spondon, Derbys |
| Kilmersdon, Somerset | Charndon, Bucks | Quarndon, Derbys |
| Downhead, Somerset | Grendon Underwood, Bucks | Over Haddon, Derbys |
| Dundry, Somerset | Waddesdon, Bucks | Sheldon, Derbys |
| Down, Somerset | Upper Winchendon, Bucks | Snesdon. Ches |
| Clevedon, Somerset | Ashendon, Bucks | Duddon, Ches |
| Pilsdon, Dorset | Lower Winchendon, Bucks | Dunham On The Hill, Ches |
| Haydon, Dorset | Long Crendon, Bucks | Farndon, Ches |
| Duntish, Dorset | Gansdown Hill, Bucks | Downing Clwyd |
| Puddleton Down, Dorset | Dunsden Green, Oxon | Dunham Town, Lancs |
| Chaldon Down, Dorset | Dunend, Oxon | Bowdon Hale, Lancs |
| Bindon Hill, Dorset | Lambourn Downs, Oxon | Downham, Lancs |
| Morden, Dorset | Beedon, Oxon | Baildon, Yorks |
| Ferndown, Dorset | Cuddesdon, Oxon | Baildon Green, Yorks |
| Moordown, Dorset | Toot Baldon, Oxon | Yeadon, Yorks |
| Pokesdown, Dorset | Abingdon, Oxon | Rawdon, Yorks |
| Wallisdown, Dorset | Claydon, Oxon | Snowdon Hill, Yorks |
| Breamore Down, Dorset | Clifton Hampdon, Oxon | Hedon, Yorks |
| Moreden, Dorset | Faringdon, Oxon | Downholm, Yorks |
| Gomeldon, Wilts | Bladon, Oxon | Fordon, Yorks |
| Downton, Wiltshire | Bletchingdon, Oxon | Grindon, Yorks |
| Whaddon, Wiltshire | Baydon, Oxon | Shildon, Dur |
| Marden, Wiltshire | Down Ampney, Gloucs | Eldon, Dur |
| Pewsey Down, Wiltshire | Bagendon, Gloucs | Trimdon, Dur |
| Tenantry Down, Wiltshire | Little Farringdon, Gloucs | Coundon, Dur |
| Littleton Down, Wilthshire | Whaddon, Gloucs | Trimdon Grange, Dur |
| Charlton Down, Wiltshire | Churchdown, Gloucs | Brandon, Dur |
| Wilsford Down, Wiltshire | Down Hatherley, Gloucs | Cold Hesledon, Dur |
| Haxton Down, Wiltshire | Swindon, Gloucs | Cleadon, T&W |
| Knighton Down, Wiltshire | Bourton Down, Gloucs | Boldon, T&W |
| Tidcombe Down, Wiltshire | Boulsdon, Gloucs | Boldon Colliery, T&W |
| North Down, Wilts | Blaisdon, Gloucs | Blaydon, T&W |
| Kingsdown, Wilts | Heydon, Norfolk | Heddon on the Wall, T&W |
| Baydon, Wilts | Brandon Parva, Norfolk | Old Burdon, T&W |
| Bishopstone Downs, Wilts | Hellesdon, Norfolk | Warden, Nthumb |
| Swindon, Wilts | Flordon, Norfolk | Grindon, Nthumb |
| Moredon, Wilts? | Roydon, Norfolk | Black Heddon, Nthumb |
| Broad Blunsdon, Wilts | Dunton, Norfolk | Meldon, Nthumb |
| Blunsdon St Andrew, Wilts | Roydon, Norfolk | Earsdon, Nthumb |
| Garsdon, Wilts | Downham Market, Norfolk | Burradon, Nthumb |
| London Hill, Hampshire | Brandon, Norfolk | Fawdon*, Nthumb |
| Crawley Down, Hampshire | Santon Downham, Norfolk | Dunstan, Nthumb |
| Dummer, Hampshire | Downham, Cambs | Bowsden, Nthumb |
| Bursledon, Hampshire | Huntingdon, Cambs | Downham, Nthumb |
| Standon, Hampshire | Haddon, Cambs | Foulden*, Borders |
| Upper Farringdon, Hamps | Sandon, Herts | Doonslaw*, Borders |
| Hambledon, Hampshire | Standon, Herts | Duns, Borders |
| Brook Down, Isle of Wight | Hunsdon, Herts | Gordon*, Borders |
| Brighstone Down, Isle of W | Hoddesdon, Herts | Earlston, Borders |
| Up/West/East/North Marden, Sussex | Bovingdon, Herts | Caddonfoot*, Borders |
| South Downs, Sussex | Old Warden, Beds | Aydon*, Nthumb |
| Little Down, Sussex | Upper Stondon, Beds | |
| Slindon, Sussex | Pegsdon, Beds | Cornwall* |
| Findon, Sussex | Upper Sundon, Beds | Downgate, Cornwall |
| Crawley Down, Sussex | Lower Sundon, Beds | Golberdon, Cornwall |
| Piltdown, Sussex | Maulden, Beds | Caradon Town/Hill+ |
| Ashdown Forrest, Sussex | Wadenhoe, Northants | Din Ham, Cornwall |
| Magham Down, Sussex | Grt Weldon, Northants | Poldue Down, Cornwall |
| Lower Willingdon, Sussex | Glendon, Northants | Harpur's Downs, Cornwall |
| Henleys Down, Sussex | Grt Oxendon, Northants | Camperdown farm, Cornwall |
| Hambledon, Surrey | East Farndon, Northants | Treswallock Downs, Cornwall |
| Worplesdon, Surrey | West Haddon, Northants | Connor Downs, Cornwall |
| West Clandon, Surrey | East Haddon, Northants | Longdowns, Cornwall |
| Downside, Surrey | Grendon, Northants | Goonhilly Downs, Cornwall |
| Sandown Park, Surrey | Weedon, Northants | Carron Downs, Cornwall |
| Chaldon, Surrey | Grt Everdon, Northants | Quintrell Downs, Cornwall |
| Wimbledon, Greater London | Little Everdon, Northants | Westdowns, Cornwall |
| Morden, Greater London | Upper Weedon, Northants | Turfsdown, Cornwall |
| Farringdon*, Greater London | Eydon, Northants | Browngelly Downs, Cornw |
| Selsdon, Greater London | Chipping Warden, Northants | Smallacombe Downs, Cornw |
| Goulsdon, Greater London | Weedon Lois, Northants | Liftondown, Cornwall |
| Down, Greater London | Helmdon, Northants | |
| Downham, Greater London | Gaydon, Warks | Isle of Man* |
| Kilndown, Kent | Brandon, Warks | Gordon, Isle of Man |
| North Downs, Kent | Earlsdon, Warks | Glendown, Isle of man |
| Downswood, Kent | Elmdon, Warks | |
| Luddesdown, Kent | Sheldon, Warks | Scotland* |
| Godmersham Down, Kent | Grendon, Warks | Downieston, Arys |
| Chattenden, Kent | Claverdon, Warks | Downhill, Tays |
| Warden Point, Isle of Shepp | Crimscote Downs, Warwks | Gourdon, Gramp |
| Leysdown On Sea, Isle of Sheppey | Blakedown, H&W | Donneside, Gramp |
| West Kingsdown, Kent | Wilden, Worcs | Findon Mains, Highld |
| Northdown, Kent | Dunley, Worcs | Doonside, D&G |
| The Downs, Kent | Dunhampton, H&W | Dunscroft, Aberdeenshire |
| Kingsdown, Kent | Warndon, H&W | Buddon, Tays |
| Sutton Down, Kent | Longdon, H&W | Downiebank, Tays |
| West Langdon, Kent | Underdown, H&W | Downies, Gramp |
| Harbledown, Kent | Lynn Down, H&W | Downiehills, Gramp |
| South Ockendon, Essex | Hope Under Dinmore, H&W | Downfield, Fife |
| Horndon On The Hill, Essex | Dinedor, H&W | Rheindown, Highld |
| Ashingdon, Essex | Bredon, H&W | Dinwoodie, Ayrshire |
| Elmdon, Essex | Bredons Norton, H&W | Downfield, Tays |
| Canewdon, Essex | Bredon Hill, H&W | Downiepark, Tays |
| Latchingdon, Essex | Shobdon, H&W | Findon, Gramp |
| Maldon, Essex | Elsdon*, H&W | Downies, Gramp |
| Mondon Hill, Essex | Huntingdon*, H&W | Dunning, Tays |
| Sandon, Essex | Downton On The Rock, H&W | Dingleton, Borders |
| Downham, Essex | Lydon, Leics | Skeldon Mills, Ayrs |
| Standon Massey, Essex | Billesdon, Leics | |
| Kelvedon Hatch, Essex | Grt Bowden, Leics | Wales* |
| Horndon On The Hill, Essex | Dunton Bassett, Leics | Downs, S Glam |
| Laindon, Essex | Quorndon, Leics | Southerdown, M.Glam |
| Peldon, Essex | Bardon, Leics | Newton Down, M Glam |
| Great Dunmow, Essex | Breedon On The Hill, Leics | Freedown, Gower |
| Ashdon, Essex | Dunnimere Farm, Staffs* | Snowdon mountain, Wales |
| Hunsdon, Essex | Longdon, Staffs | Harding Down, Gower |
| Roydon Hamlet, Essex | Upper Longdon, Staffs | Cornish Down, Pemb |
| Roydon, Essex | Sandon, Staffs | Red Down, Pemb |
| Down Farm, Essex | Sandon Bank, Staffs | The Downs, Pemb |
| Bovingdon, Essex | Slindon, Staffs | Bulliber Down, Pemb |
| Orlandon, Pemb | ||
| Whitehill Down, Dyfed | ||
| Hall Down, Dyfed |
*don = hill not covered by * down =hill assumed
| Table 1 Additional don' places |
| Donington, Lincs |
| Donington on Bain, Lincs |
| Caste Donington, Leics |
| Donington le Heath, Leics |
| Donnington, Berks |
| Donnington, Gloucs |
| Donnington, H&W |
| Butterton, Staffs |
| Buston H&L, Nthumb |
| Toddington, Beds |
Table 2a supplement: Little London place-name, meaning unknown, has not been included in Figure 5
| Little London, Lincs (1) | Little London, Isle of Man |
| Little London, Lincs (2) | Little London, Cornwall |
| Little London, Lincs(3) | Little London, W Mids (Willenhall) |
| Little London, Lincs (4) | Little London, Kent |
| Little London, Lincs (5) | Little London, Herefords |
| Little London, Lincs (6) | Little London, Worcs |
| Little London, Wiltshire | Little London, Oxfds |
| Little London, Dorset | Little London, Powys |
| Little London (1), Hampshire | Little London, W Yorks (Bradford) |
| Little London (2), Hampshire | Little London, Shrops |
| Little London, Sussex | London, Greater London |
| Little London, E Sussex | London Farm, Isle of Wight |
| Little London, Essex(1) | London Beach, Kent |
| Little London, Essex (2) | London Hill, Hants |
| Little London, Suffolk (1) | London House, N Yorks |
| Little London, Suffolk (2) | London Lode Hall, Norfolk |
| Little London, Bucks | London Lodge, Leics |
| Little London, W Sussex | London Minstead, Hants |
| Little London, Gloucs | Londonderry, N Yoerks |
| Little London, Norfolk | Londonderry, W Mids(Sandwell) |
| Little London, Cambs | Londonderry farm, Wilts |
| Little London, Yorks |
Table 2b Dinas/din place-names (farm, village or town)
| Wales - dinas and din places | |
| Dinas, Gwynedd | Dinam, Isle of Anglesey |
| Dinas, Gwynedd | Dinam, Isle of Anglesey |
| Dinas, Cornwall | Dinarth Hall, Conwy |
| Dinas, Gwynedd | Dinbych or Denbigh, Denbighshire |
| Dinas, Isle of Anglesey | Dingestow, Monmouthshire |
| Dinam, Isle of Anglesey | Dindinnie, Dumfries and Galloway |
| Dinas, Ceredigion | Dingle, Denbighshire |
| Dinas, Rhondda Cynon Taff | Dingle, The, Powys |
| Dinas, Carmarthenshire | Dingstopple. Pembrokeshire |
| Dinas, Conwy | Dinhunlle Isaf, Wrexham |
| Dinas, Pembrokeshire | Dinmael. Conwy |
| Dinas, Gwynedd | Dinnant, Powys |
| Dinas Bach, Carmarthenshire | Dinorben, Conwy |
| Dinas Cross, Pembrokeshire | Dinorwic, Gwynedd |
| Dinas Dinlle, Gwynedd | |
| Dinas Fawr, Carmarthenshire | Dinas, Cornwall (near Padstow) |
| Dinas Mawr. Gwynedd | |
| Dinas Mawr, Conwy | |
| Dinas Mill, Powys | |
| Dinas Powis+, The Vale of Glamorgan | |
| Dinas-Mawddwy, Gwynedd | |
| Dinasfach, Carmarthenshire | |
| Denbigh+, Denb | |
| Tenby+, Pembrokeshire | |
| Street Dinas, Shrops |
+ din =fort
Table 2c Dun-type' place-names (farm, village or town) with a gaelic' sufix element
| Scotland dun, din, doune, doun, doon, and dhoon places | |
| Dun Knowe, Scottish Borders | Dunlugas Ho, Aberdeenshire |
| Dunach, Argyll & Bute | Dunmaglass, Highland |
| Dunachtonmore Fm, Highland | Dunmay, Perth and Kinross |
| Dunacree, Perth and Kinross | Dunmor Ho, Argyll and Bute |
| Dunan, Argyll & Bute | Dunmore, Stirling |
| Dunan, Highland | Dunmore, Perth and Kinross |
| Dunan, Perth and Kinross | Dunmore, Argyll and Bute |
| Dunandhu, Aberdeenshire | Dunmore, Highland |
| Dunanfiew, Aberdeenshire | Dunmore, Falkirk |
| Dunans, Argyll & Bute | Dunmore, Argyll & Bute |
| Dunaverty, Argyll and Bute | Dunmuck, Dumfries and Galloway |
| Dunbae, Dumfries and Galloway | Dunn, Highland |
| Dunballoch, Highland | Dunnabie, Dumfries & Galloway |
| Dunbar+, East Lothian | Dunnet, Highland |
| Dunbarney House, Perth and Kinross | Dunnichen, Angus |
| Dunbeath, Highland | Dunnikier, Fife |
| Dunbeg, Argyll & Bute | Dunninald Mains, Angus |
| Dunbennan, Aberdeenshire | Dunning, Perth and Kinross |
| Dunblane+, Stirling | Dunnottar Mains, Aberdeenshire |
| Dunbog, Fife | Dunnydeer, Aberdeenshire |
| Dunchea, Highland | Dunnygask, Fife |
| Dunchideock, Devon | Dunnymuck, South Ayrshire |
| Dunchraigaig, Argyll and Bute | Dunollie, Argyll and Bute |
| Duncow, Dumfries & Galloway | Dunool, Dumfries and Galloway |
| Duncraggan, Stirling | Dunoon+, Argyll and Bute |
| Duncrahill, East Lothian | Dunphail Ho, Moray |
| Duncrievie, Perth & Kinross | Dunragit, Dumfries & Galloway |
| Duncroist, Stirling [Town] | Dunrobin Mains, Highland |
| Duncrub, Perth and Kinross | Dunscore, Dumfries and Galloway |
| Duncryne, West Dunbartonshire | Dunshalt, Fife |
| Dundarrach, Argyll and Bute | Dunsinnan, Perth & Kinross |
| Dundas Mains, City of Edinburgh | Dunskeig, Argyll and Bute |
| Dundavie, Perth and Kinross | Dunskellyrig, Dumfries and Galloway |
| Dundee+, Tays | Dunskey Home Fm, Dumfries and Galloway |
| Dundee, Aberdeenshire | Dunskiag, Perth and Kinross |
| Dundeugh, Dumfries and Galloway | Dunsyre, South Lanarkshire |
| Dundonald, South Ayrshire | Duntanlich, Perth and Kinross |
| Dundonald, Fife | Duntarvie, West Lothian |
| Dundonnell, Highland | Duntaylor, Perth and Kinross |
| Dundreggan, Highland | Duntilland Fm, North Lanarkshire |
| Dundrennan, Dumfries and Galloway | Duntocher, West Dunbartonshire |
| Dundriven, Perth and Kinross | Duntuim, Perth and Kinross |
| Dunduff, Fife | Duntulm, Highland |
| Dunduff, Perth and Kinross | Dunure, South Ayrshire |
| Dundurcas Fm, Moray | Dunvegan, Highland |
| Dundurn, Perth and Kinross | Dunvournie, Highland |
| Dundyvan, North Lanarkshire | |
| Dunearn, Highland | |
| Dunearn, Fife | Doune, Argyll and Bute |
| Duneaves, Perth and Kinross | Doune, Argyll and Bute |
| Dunecht, Aberdeenshire | Doune, Stirling |
| Dunedin, Perth and Kinross | Doune, Highland |
| Dunesslin, Dumfries and Galloway | Doune, Highland |
| Dunfallandy, Perth and Kinross | Doune, Highland |
| Dunfermline+, Fife | Doune, Stirling |
| Dunfuinary, Argyll and Bute | Doune Lodge, Stirling |
| Dungalston, Dumfries and Galloway | Doune Park, Aberdeenshire |
| Dungarthill, Perth and Kinross | Dounepark, Aberdeenshire |
| Dunglass, Argyll and Bute | Douneside, Aberdeenshire |
| Dunglass, East Lothian | Dounduff Fm, Moray |
| Dunglass, Highland | Dounie, Argyll and Bute |
| Dungrianach, Highland | Dounie, Highland |
| Dunie, Perth and Kinross | Dounie, Highland |
| Duniface, Fife | Dounie Cott, Moray |
| Dunimarle Castle, Fife | Dounreay, Highland |
| Dunino, Fife | |
| Dunipace, Falkirk | Doon, East Lothian |
| Dunira, Perth and Kinross | Doon of Urr, Dumfries and Galloway |
| Dunjarg, Dumfries and Galloway | Doonfoot, South Ayrshire |
| Dunjop, Dumfries and Galloway | Doonhill, Dumfries and Galloway |
| Dunkeld+, Perth and Kinross | Doonholm, South Ayrshire |
| Dunkenny, Angus | Doons Law, Scottish Borders |
| Dunkinty, Moray | Doons, The, Dumfries and Galloway |
| Dunkitterick Cott, Dumfries and Galloway | Doonsicle, Dumfries and Galloway |
| Dunlappie, Angus | |
| Dunlop, East Ayrshire | Isle of Man |
| Dunloskin, Argyll & Bute | Dhoon, Isle of Man |
| Dunlossit Ho, Argyll and Bute | Dhoon, Isle of Man |
| Baldhoon, Isle of Man | |
| Dinduff, Dumfries and Galloway | Knock-e-Dooney, Isle of Man |
| Dinlabyre, Scottish Borders | Cronk-e- Dhooney, Isle of Man |
| Dinnance, Dumfries and Galloway | |
| Dinnans, Dumfries and Galloway | |
| Dinnet, Aberdeenshire | |
| Dinning, Dumfries and Galloway | |
| Dinnyhorn, Moray | |
| Dinvin, Dumfries & Galloway | |
| Dumbarton+, Strath | |
| Dumfries+, D&G |
Dun+=dum+= fort
Table 3 Wick' (vicus) place-names
| Cornwall | Berwick St James | Woolwich | Hardwick | Oxwick |
| Week | Potterne Wick | Greenwich | Wretchwick farm | Wick farm (3 of) |
| Week St Mary | Wickham Green farm | Dulwich (not a wick) | Ascott u Wychwood | Ashwicken |
| Devon | Wick farms | West Wickham | Sipton u Wychwood | Wickenpond farm |
| Cookbury Wick | Southwick | Hampton Wick | Wick Hall | Chiswick farm |
| Herdwicke | Smithwick farm | Warwick Wold | Sutton Wick | Guestwick( not a wick)* |
| Germansweek | Wick farm | Wychroft | Stainswick farm | Crostwick(ditto)* |
| Exwick | Wadswick | Wickland farm | Ruffinswick farm | Bedfordshire |
| Week Barton | Fowlswick farm | Wyke | Chapelwick farm | Flitwick |
| Wickington | Bremhill Wick | Egham Wick | Wicks Wood | Astwick |
| Herdwick | Pickwick | Essex/ Gt Ldn | Berrick Salome | Kempston Hardwick |
| Week (8 of) | Berwick Bassett | Northwick | Gloucestershire | Wick End farm |
| Week farm (2 of) | Tockenham Wick | Little Wakering Wick | Painswick | Hinwick |
| Weeke (4 of) | Haydon Wick | North Wyke | Randwick | The Wickey farm |
| Weeke farm (2 of) | Cerney Wick | Bridgewick farm | Hardwicke | Northamptonshire |
| Week Barton | Buscot Wick | Westwick farm | Wickselm | Hardwick |
| Weekaborough | Avon | Sparrow Wyke | Wick court/farm | Winwick |
| Wyke (2 of) | Wickwar | Wickhams farm | U/L/M Wick | Wickstead |
| Avonwick | Redwick | Wickford/North Wick | Malswick | Weekley |
| Highweek | Northwick | Wick | Elmstone Hardwicke | Lowick |
| Hardwick farm | Berwick | Wick farm (2 of) | Bredons Hardwick | Stanwick |
| Weekhayne | Wick | Jaywick | Hardwick | Wicken |
| Somerset | Swainswick | Wix | Hardwick Green | Wicksons farm |
| Week (5 of) | Tadwick | Little Braiswick | Wickfields farm | Astwick Village |
| Week farm (2 of) | Wick farm | Wickham St Paul | Wycomb | Bulwick |
| Shapwick | Wick St Lawrence | Tudwick farm | Wick farm | Southwick |
| Wickham's Cross | West Wick | Wicks Manor | Goldwick farm | Warwickshire/W Mids |
| Barwick | Sussex | Pattiswick Green | Wyck Rissington | Temple Herdwyke |
| Wyke Champflower | Terwick Common | Wicken Bonhunt | Suffolk | Hinwick |
| Ashwick | Shopwyke | Wick Hall | Wickham Market | Edgwick |
| Standerwick | Rudgwick | Hackney Wick | Wickham Skeith | Wyken |
| Northwick | Gatwick | Berwick (3 of) | Wickham Green | Kites Hardwick |
| Coxley Wick | Aldwick | Chiswick Hall | Wickham Street | Warwick |
| Dorset | Wick | Middlesex/Gt Ldn | East/Westwick farm | Chadwick End |
| Wych | Southwick | Ganwick Corner | Wickhambrook | Chiswick Green |
| Berwick | Wick farm | Northwick Park | Dunwich | Little Bromwich |
| Wyke Regis | Wick Wood farm | Chiswick | Walberswick | Castle Bromwich |
| Shapwick | Wickham farm | Berkshire | Wykenhall | Worcestershire |
| Wyke down | Hurst Wickham | Little Greenwick | Wicken Well | Smethwick |
| Wyke | Wickenden farm | Eton Wick | Cambridgeshire | Chadwick (2 of) |
| Week farm | Newick | Wick Croft | Benwick | Wychbury Hill |
| Wick | Wickhurst farm | Wick Hill (2 of) | Wicken | Wychbold |
| Wick Southbourne | Berwick | Henwick | Westwick | Droitwich |
| Milborne Wick | Wickstreet | Wick Field | Hardwick (2 of) | Northwich |
| Isle of Wight | Wickham Manor | Wickham | Hardwicke farm | Lenchwick |
| Week (2 of) | The Wicks | Hertfordshire | Thw Wicken farm | Wickhamford |
| Bagwich | Wick Bottom | Haultwick | Winwick | Childswickham |
| Hampshire | Kent | The Wyck | Spaldwick | Wick |
| Warwick Slade | Orgarswick | Cildwick Green | Chiswick End | Henwick |
| Wickham | Berwick | Marshalswick | Norfolk | Rushwick |
| Swanwick | Wick farm | Upwick Green | Hardwick | Upper/Lower Wick |
| Southwick | Sheldwich | High Wych | Cranwich | Wick Episcopi |
| Wick farm | Wickham Bushes | Eastwick | Wicklewood | Powick |
| Wyke Green farm | Sandwich | Westwick Row/Hall | Keswick | Knightwick |
| Wick Hill farm | Wickhambreaux | Buckinghamshire | Postwick | Brayswick |
| Wyck | Fordwich | High Wycombe | Wickhampton | Hardwick Green |
| Rotherwick | Wickham Field | Tingewick | Bastwick | Herefordshire |
| Middle Wyke | Wickens | Telchwick | Woodbastwick | Ullingswick |
| Weeke | Wickhurst | Hardwick | Wickmere | Shelwick |
| Wiltshire | Wickhurst Manor | Owlswick | Godwick | Hardwicke |
| Berwick St Leonard | Surrey/ Gt Ldn | Longwick | Westwick | Poswick |
| Berwick St John | East Wickham | Oxfordshire | Barwick House | Hardwicke Manor |
| Wickton Court | ||||
| Hardwick |
(continued)
| Leicestershire | Cheshire | Runswick | Brotherwick |
| Wycomb | Smethwick Green | Inglby Barwick | Denwick |
| Hardwick | Shotwick | Elwick | Abberwick |
| Whitwick | Winwick | Stanwick | Alnwick |
| Hardwicke Lodge farm | Chadwick Green | Runwick Manor | Howick |
| Wykin | Wych farm | Kepwick | Prendwick |
| Staffordshire | Wickinford farm | Nunwick | New Berwick |
| Hardwick | Northwich | Copt Hewick | Elwick |
| West Bromwich | Leftwich | Westwick | Lowick |
| Bloxwich | Middlewich | Berwick | Cheswick |
| Wightwick Manor | Nantwich | Appletreewick | Berwick on Tweed |
| Fisherwick | Swanwick Green | Hawkswick | |
| Wychnor | Higher Wych | Kildwick | Scotland/Borders |
| Grantwich | S Yorkshire | Austwick | Sunwick |
| Milwich | Adwick le Street | Giggleswick | Darnick |
| Shirleywich | Adwick on Dearne | Lancashire/G Man | Hawick |
| Colwich | Fenwick | Blowick | Borthwickshiels |
| Hammerwich | Hardwick | Brunswick Station | Borthwickbrae |
| Wicken Walls | Todwick | Wicken Lowe | Borthwick Hall |
| Shropshire | W Yorkshire | Glodwick | Lothian |
| Duddlewick | Huntwick Grange farm | Ardwick | Hedderwick |
| Hardwick (3 of) | E/W Hardwick | Brunswick | Innerwick |
| Lower Ledwyche | Pledwick | Prestwich | North Berwick |
| Wyke (2 of) | Barwick in Elmet | Elswick | Borthwick |
| Wyken | Wike | Wickins Lane End | Strathclyde |
| Great/Little Hudwick | Eldwick | Borwick | Fenwick |
| Berwick | Wyke | Salwick Hall | Leigh Fenwick |
| Mucklewick Hill | Heckmondwike | Barnoldswick | Hardwickdale |
| Wistanswick | Dunkeswick | Cumbria | Prestwick |
| Wykey | East Keswick | Sedgwick | Dumfries & Galloway |
| Kenwick | E Yorkshire/Hside | Lowick Green | Crawick |
| Lincolnshire/Hside | Welwick | Little Urswick | Birwick |
| Wykham | Burstwick | Wyke farm | Tayside |
| Wykes farm | Elstronwick | The Wyke | Nether Handwick |
| Garwick | Withernwick | Keswick | Upper Handwick |
| Casewick | Warwicks House | Sandwick | Mains of Hedderwick |
| Butterwick | Catwick | Wickerslack | Grampian |
| Anwick | Beswick | Wickenfield | Berwick |
| Scopwick | Kilnwick Percy | Herdwick Croft | Wicketslap |
| Canwick | Greenwick | Warwick | |
| Wyche | Neswick farm | Renwick | S Wales/Gwent |
| Kenwick Hall | Kilnwick | Warwicksland | Great Hardwick |
| Hardwick in Panton | Hutton Cranswick | Durham | Hardwick farm |
| E/W Wickham | Sunderlandwick | Westwick | Redwick |
| Hardwick (2 of) | Catwick | Hunwick | M Glamorgan |
| E/W Cowick | Hendwick Hall farm | Holwick | Wick |
| E/W Butterwick | Atwick | Low Hardwick | W Glamorgan |
| Nottinghamshire | N Yorkshire | Butterwick (2 of) | Berwick |
| Hardwick | Henwick | Southwick | Oxwich |
| Papplewick | Osbaldwick | Muggleswick | Oxwich Green |
| Colwick | Earswick | Elswick | |
| Derbyshire | New Earswick | Prestwick | |
| Hardwick Hall | Butterwick (2 of) | Northumberland | |
| Hardwick | Butterwicks farm | Brunswick Village | |
| Swanwick | Wykham | Saltwick | |
| Parwich | Wykeham | Eachwick | |
| Westwick farm | Hardwick farm | Fenwick (2 of) | |
| The Wicken | Hayburn Wyke | Kepwick | |
| Saltwick Bay | Nunwick |
Table 4a chester' place-names (farm, village or town)
| South of hadrians Wall | |
| Chester Ho, Durham | Chesterton, Oxfordshire |
| Chester Ho, North Yorkshire | Chesterton, Cambridgeshire |
| Chester Ho Northamptonshire | Chesterton, Staffordshire |
| Chester Moor, Durham | Chesterton, Oxfordshire |
| Chester Villa, North Yorkshire | Chesterton, Cambridgeshire |
| Chesterblade, Somerset | Chesterton, Shropshire |
| Chestercourt Hall Fm, North Yorks | Chesterton, Cambridgeshire |
| Chesterfield, Staffordshire | Chesterton Green, Warwickshire |
| Chesterfield, Derbyshire | Castercliff, Lancashire |
| Chesterfield, Staffordshire | Castem, Staffordshire |
| Chesterford, Park Essex | Casterton, Cumbria |
| Chestergarth Ho, Durham | Casterton Ho, Lincolnshire |
| Chesterton, Shropshire | Woodchester, Gloucs |
| Chesterton, Gloucestershire | Bedchester, Dorset |
| Chesterton, Warwickshire | Alcester Shaftsbury, Dorset |
| Chesterton, Staffordshire | Great Chesterford, Essex |
| Chesterton, Cambridgeshire | Great Casterton, Leics |
| Chesters, North Yorkshire | Chesters Hill, Dorset [Hill] |
| Chesterlane Fm, Cheshire | Worcester Park, London, Surrey |
| Little Chester, Derbyshire | Binchester, Durham |
| North of Hadrians Wall | |
| Chesterhill, Northumberland | Chesters, Scottish Borders |
| Chesterhill Ho, East Lothian | Chesters Fm, East Lothian |
| Chesterhope, Northumberland | Chesters Grange, Scottish Borders |
| Chesterhouse, Scottish Borders | Chesters Pike, Northumberland |
| Chesterhouse Hill, Scottish Borders | Chesterstone, Fife |
| Chesterknowes, Scottish Borders | Chester Hill, South Lanarkshire |
| Chesters, Northumberland | Chester Hill, Scottish Borders |
| Chesters, Northumberland | Chester Hill, Midlothian |
| Chesters, Scottish Borders | Chesterhall, East Lothian |
| Chesters, Fife | Chesterhall, Scottish Borders |
| Chesters, Northumberland | Chesterhall, South Lanarkshire |
| Chesters, Northumberland | Chesterhill, Fife |
| Chesters, Scottish Borders | Chesterhill, Northumberland |
| Chesters, Scottish Borders | Chesterhill, Fife |
| Chesters, Scottish Borders | Chesterhill, Midlothian |
| Bonchester Bridge, Borders | Whitchester, Borders |
| Chesterfield, Scottish Borders |
| Burton, Dorset | Burton Dassett, Warwickshire | Burton Park, North Yorkshire |
| Burton, Dorset | Burton End, Essex | Burton Pedwardine, Lincolnshire |
| Burton, Cheshire | Burton End, Cambridgeshire | Burton Pidsea, Yorkshire |
| Burton, Devon | Burton Fleming, Yorkshire | Burton Pynsent, Somerset |
| Burton, Lincolnshire | Burton Fm, Warwickshire | Burton Row Fm, Somerset |
| Burton, Cheshire | Burton Green, Essex | Burton Salmon, North Yorkshire |
| Burton, Wiltshire | Burton Green, Warwickshire | Burton Shutts Fm, Derbyshire |
| Burton, Wrexham | Burton Grove Fm, Swindon | Burton upon Stather, Lincolnshire |
| Burton, Northumberland | Burton Hall, Yorkshire | Burton upon Trent, Staffordshire |
| Burton, Somerset | Burton Hastings, Warwickshire | Burton's Fm, Buckinghamshire |
| Burton, Somerset | Burton Hill, Cumbria | Burton's Fm, Suffolk |
| Burton, Wiltshire | Burton Hill, Wiltshire | Burton-in-Kendal, Cumbria |
| Burton, Dorset | Burton Hill, West Sussex | Burton-le-Coggles, Lincolnshire |
| Burton, Somerset | Burton Hill Fm, Warwickshire | Burtonfield Hall, Yorkshire |
| Burton, Wiltshire | Burton Ho, Lincolnshire | Buttonhole Fm, Bamet |
| Burton, Lincolnshire | Burton Ho, North Yorkshire | Burtons Fm, Herefordshire |
| Burton, Cheshire | Burton Ho, Durham | Burtonwood, Warrington |
| Burton Agnes, Yorkshire | Burton Ho, North Yorkshire | Burtonwood Fm, Essex |
| Burton Bandalls, Leicestershire | Burton in Lonsdale, Yorkshire | Bishop Burton, Yorks |
| Burton Bradstock, Dorset | Burton Joyce, Nottinghamshire | Gate Burton, Notts |
| Burton Closes, Derbyshire | Burton Latimer, Northants | West Burton' Notts |
| Burton Coggles, Lincolnshire | Burton Lazars, Leicestershire | West Burton Yorks |
| Burton Common, Hampshire | Burton Leonard, Yorkshire | Longburton, Dorset |
| Burton Constable, Yorkshire | Burton Manor, Staffordshire | Wales |
| Burton Corner, Lincolnshire | Burton Manor, Derbyshire | Burton, Glamorgan |
| Burton Cottages, North Yorkshire | Burton on the Wolds, Leics | Burton, Pembrokeshire |
| Burton Court, Herefordshire | Burton Overy, Leicestershire | Scotland |
| Burton Court, Worcestershire | Burton Park, West Sussex | Burton, Strath/South Ayrshire |
| Other types | ||
| Burbage, Derbys | Burford, Chesh | Burrow, Lancs |
| Burbage, Wilts | Burford, Shrops | Burstall, Suff |
| Burbage, Leics | Burford farm, Kent | Burstow, Surrey |
| Burscough, Lancs | Burfordlane farm, Warrington | Burley, Leics |
| Bursteads, Herts | Burpham, W Sussex | Burley Bank farm, Yorks |
| Burwarton, Shrops | Burpham, Surrey | Burley Grange, Derbys |
| Burley Fields farm, Derbys | Burslem, Staffs | Burleydam, Ches? |
| Burley in Wharfedale, Yorks | Bursted, Essex | Burleyhurst farm, Ches |
| Burleyfields, Staffs | Burwardesley, Chesh | Burrill, Yorks |
| Burley, Shrops | Burleyheyes farm, Warrington | Birstall, Leics |
| Burley, Leeds | Buriton, Hants | Birstall, S Yorks |
| Birley, Leics | Burham, Kent | Bursted Manor/Wood, Kent |
| Burley, Hants | Burford, Devon | Burstead, Essex |
| Burley, H & W | Burwash Common, Kent | Burradon, Nthumbld |
| Burley Gate, H& W | Birlstall, Leics | Burradon, T &W |
| Burley Wood, Devon | Birstall, W Yorks | Old Burdon (5 of)? |
| Burford, Shrops | Burford, Ox | Tilburstow Hill, Surrey? |
| Burford, Oxs | Burlton, Shrops | |
| Burford, Som | Burrowsmoor Holt/fields, Leics ? | Burleywhag, D&G Scotland |
| Bury, Lancs | Bury Fm, Bedfordshire |
| Bury, Somerset | Bury Fm, Hampshire |
| Bury, 1 Herefordshire | Bury Fm, Barnet |
| Bury, 2 Herefordshire | Bury Fm, Essex |
| Bury, West Sussex | Bury Fm, Essex |
| Bury, Cambridgeshire | Bury Fm, Hampshire |
| Bury Bams, Hertfordshire | Bury Fm, Essex |
| Bury Barton, Devon | Bury Fm, Bedfordshire |
| Bury Court, Hampshire | Bury Fm, Shropshire |
| Bury Court, Herefordshire | Bury Fm, Buckinghamshire |
| Bury Down, Berkshire (by ditch) | Bury Fm, Havering, Essex |
| Bury Down, Cornwall (by ditch) | Bury Fm, Cambridgeshire |
| Bury End, Worcestershire | Bury Fm, Hertfordshire |
| Bury End, Bedfordshire | Bury Fm, Bedfordshire |
| Bury End, Bedfordshire | Bury Fm, Bedfordshire |
| Bury Field, Milton Keynes | Bury Fm, Herefordshire |
| Bury Fm, Essex | Bury Fm, Cambridgeshire |
| Bury Fm, Buckinghamshire | Bury Fm, The, Herefordshire |
| Bury Fm, Cambridgeshire | Bury Grange, Hertfordshire |
| Bury Fm, Bedfordshire | Bury Green, Hertfordshire |
| Bury Hall, Norfolk | Burybank, Staffordshire |
| Bury Hill, Surrey | Burycroft Fm, Oxfordshire |
| Bury Hill, Oxfordshire | Buryend Fm, Worcestershire |
| Bury Hill, Suffolk (by ditch) | Buryfields Fm, Bedfordshire |
| Bury Hill, Herefordshire | Buryhill Fm, Wiltshire |
| Bury Hill, Oxfordshire | Burystead Fm, Cambridgeshire |
| Bury Hill, South Gloucestershire | Burytown Fms, Swindon |
| Bury Lodge, Hampshire | |
| Bury Mill Fm, West Sussex | Broughton, Northants+ |
| Bury St Austen's, West Sussex | Brant Broughton, Lincs+ |
| Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk | Brougham, Cumbria+ |
| Bury's Court School, Surrey | |
| Bury's Fm, Lancashire | |
| Bury's Halt, Norfolk | |
| Burys Hall, Norfolk | |
| Bury, The, Buckinghamshire | Buryas Br, Cornwall ? |
| Bury, The, Hertfordshire | Buryas Bridge, Cornwall? |
| Bury, The, Hertfordshire | |
| Bury, The, Cambridgeshire | |
| Bury, The, Bedfordshire |
Table 5 Bury' place-names co-incident with a Roman fort, town or road
| A) | ||
| Flexbury/Bagbury, Rattenbury, Cornwall | CURVODA? | Herdwicke |
| Bealbury, Cornwall | Calstock | Hardwick farm(Plymouth) |
| Edbury farm, Devon | Bury Barton | Weeke |
| Yeadbury, Devon | Bury Barton | Weeke |
| Ashbury, Devon | Oakhampton | Germansweek |
| Kentisbury, Devon | Martinhoe | Week |
| Thornbury/ Cook/Cranb/Stanbury, Dev | Unidentified fort? | Herdwicke |
| Bury, Devon | Cudmore Farm | Week |
| Woodbury, Devon | Topsham (U) | Exwick |
| Limebury/Halsbury/Melbury Hill, Devon | Alverdiscott marching camp? | Week Burton |
| Presbury/Gt Halfsbury/Cadbury Barton, D | Unidentified fort? | Week |
| Bigbury, Devon (Port) | Dumnoniorum to south coast | Weeke |
| Denbury, Devon | Ditto | Highweek |
| Modbury, Devon | Ditto | Avonwick |
| Musbury, Devon (Port) | Seaton | Week |
| Woodbury, Devon | Topsham | Exwick |
| Payhembury, Devon | Hembury | Wick |
| Cadbury, Devon | Killerton | Wyke |
| Countisbury, Devon | Old Burrow | - |
| Cotterbury/Woodbury farm, Devon | Unidentified | Weeke |
| Membury, Devon | Axminster | Wick |
| Posbury/Denbury farm, Devon | DUMNONIORUM | Wyke |
| Bury Barton, Devon | Bury Barton | Barwick |
| Boulsbury farm, Dors | Vindocladia to Sorviodunum | Wyke Down |
| Hornsbury, Somerset | Axminster to Lindinis | Wyke |
| Wigborough, Somerset (hill)? | Ditto (Ham Hill) | Wick |
| Bury, Somerset | Cudmore Farm | Week |
| Masbury, Som | Shepton Mallet (U) | Ashwick |
| Highbury, Hants | Portchester | Southwick |
| Dunsbury Hill, Hants | Portchester | Southwick |
| Winklebury, Hants, nr Basingstoke? | Calleva to Venta | Rotherwick |
| Owslebury, Hants | Calleva to Onna | Wickham |
| Cranbury, Hants | Ditto | Swanwick |
| Highbury, Hants | PORTUS ARDAONI | Southwick |
| Colbury, Hants | ONNA (U) | Wick Wood |
| Midanbury, Hants | CLAVSENTUM | Swanwick |
| Hiltingbury, Hants | VENTA BELGARUM | Swanwick |
| Malmsbury, Wilts | White Walls (U) | Wick farm |
| Lugbury, Wilts | North Wraxall | Wick |
| Hollingbury, E Sussex | Hassocks to S coast | Southwick |
| Owlsbury farm (Crowborough), Sussex | Londinium to (near Lewes) | Wicklands |
| Owlsbury farm (Uckfield), Sussex | Ditto | Wickens |
| Cobhambury/Greybury farms, Sussex | Ditto | Wickens |
| Saxonbury Hill, Sussex | (Crowborough) to (Cranbrook) | Wickhurst farm |
| Bury Wood/Hill, Sussex | (Cranbrook) to Pevensey? | Wickhurst farm |
| Cadborough farm, Sussex | Bury Wood to (Winchelsea)? | Wickham Manor |
| Holborough/Scarborough, Kent | DUROBIVAE | Wickham |
| Canterbury, Kent | DUROVERNUM | Wickhambreaux |
| Hillborough, Kent | REGULBIUM or a hill | Ditto |
| Stockbury, Kent | Faversham to Durobrivae | Wickham |
| Willesborough, Kent (Hill?) | Ashford | Orgarswick |
| Hawkenbury (Coxheath)/Tattle/Dunbury, K | Ashford to near (Coxheath) | Wick farm |
| Bedgebury/Glassenbury, Kent | Ashford to near (Cranbrook) | Wickhurst farm |
| Brandonury, Kent | (Coxheath) to (Crowborough)? | Wick farm |
| Hawkenbury/Pembury/Southborough, Kent | (Coxheath) to (Crowborough)? | Wickhurst |
| Marsh/ Statten/Woodnes/Richborough, Ke | RUTUPIAE | Sandwich |
| Hillborough, Kent | REGULBIUM | Fordwich |
| Newbury, Kent | Faversham | Shelwich |
| Borough Green, Kent | On North Downs way | Wickham |
| Howbury Kent/Gt London | NOVIOMAGUS | E Wickham |
| Norbury Park, Surrey | Alfoldean to Ewell | Warwick Wold |
| Sunbury, Surrey | PONTES | Hampton Wick |
| Holmbury St Mary, Surrey | Aldolfaen to Wickham Bushes | Rudgwick |
| Crooksbury Hill, nr Farnham Surrey | Farnham on North Downs Way | Wyke |
| Gunnersbury, Surrey/Gt Ldn | Londinium to Pontes | Chiswick |
| Norbury, Surrey/Gt London | Eastwick | Londinium to Hassocks |
| Littlebury farm, Essex | Braintree | Pattiswick Green |
| Canterburys, Essex | CAESAROMAGNUS | Wickhams farm |
| High Rodingbury farm, Essex | Great Dunmow | Berwick Hall |
| Sudbury's farm, Essex | Wickford | North Wick |
| Tollesbury, Essex | OTHONA | North Wycke |
| Tilbury, Essex | VAGNIACIS (U) | East Wickham |
| Shoeburyness, Essex | Little Shelford (U) | Little Wakering Wick |
| Littlebury, Essex | Great Chesterford | Wicken Bonhunt |
| Quickbury, Essex | Braughing to (Harlow) | High Wych |
| Buttsbury, Essex | Caesaromagus to (Chelmsford) | Berwick |
| Canterbuty Tye Hall, Essex | Londinium to (Brentwood) | Berwick |
| Westbury farm, Essex | Londinium to (Brentwood) | North Wick |
| Newbury Park, Essex | Londinium to (Brentwood) | Berwick Ponds farm |
| Hallingbury, Essex | Braughing to Great Dunmow | High Wych |
| Mascallsbury farm, Essex | Londinium to Great Dunmow | Berwick Hall |
| Woodbury Hollow, Essex | Ditto | Berwick |
| Sewardstonebury, Essex/Gt London | Londinium to Braughing | Ganwick |
| Wormleybury, Herts | Ditto | Eastwick |
| Youngsbury, Herts | Ditto | Eastwick |
| Kingsbury, Middlesex/Gt London | SULLONIACIS | Cheswick |
| Highbury, Finsbury, Barnsbury, Borough | LONDINIUM | Aldwych, etc |
| Aldmanbury, Bloomsbury, Lothbury | LONDINIUM | Chiswick, etc |
| Wraybury, Berks | PONTES (U) | Hampton Wick |
| Eastbury, Berks | Calleva to Durocornovium | Wickham |
| Newbury, Berks | Calleva to / Durocornovium | Wickham |
| Kingsbury, St Albans, Herts | VERULAMIUM | Childwick Green |
| Sandridgebury, Herts | Ditto | Marshalswick |
| Gorhambury, Herts | Ditto | Ditto |
| Quinbury, Herts | Braughing (U) | Upwick Green |
| Mardleybury, Herts | Welwyn (U) | Marshalswick |
| Hertingfordbury, Herts | Ware (U) | Eastwick |
| Bragbury End, Herts | Welwynn (U) | Haultwick |
| Stonebury, Herts | Braughing (U) | U pswick |
| Wellbury, Herts | Baldock to Dunstable (R'way) | Flitwick |
| Melbourn Bury, Herts | Royston (U) | Chiswick End |
| The Bury, Herts ( 2 of closeby) | St Albans to Baldock | The Wyck |
| The Bury, Bucks | Unidentified fort rear Tring? | Wick |
| Aylesbury, Bucks | Fleet Marston (U) | Hardwick |
| Westbury, Bucks | Lactodurum to Alchester | Astwick |
| Cholesbury, Bucks | Ancient track near Tring | Wick |
| Padbury, Bucks | North from Fleet Marston | Tingewick |
| Mixbury, Oxon | Lactodurum to Alchester | Astwick |
| Wendlebury, Oxfds | Alchester | Wrethwick |
| Tilbury farm, Oxfds | North of section from Frilford | Hardwick |
| Ilbury, Oxfds | Lower Lea (U) | Astwick |
| Eynesbury, Beds | Wicken farm | Durovigutum to Sandy |
| Medbury farm, Beds | SE from Ilchester | Kempston Hardwick |
| The Bury, Beds | Ditto | Ditto |
| Limbury, Beds | Dunstable | Flitwick |
| Kimsbury, Gloucs | GLEVUM | Painswick |
| Maugersbury, Gloucs | Bourton (U) | Wick Rissington |
| Henbury, Gloucs | ABONA (Bristol) (U) | Northwick |
| Trewsbury, Gloucs | Cirencester | Cerneywick |
| Prestbury, Gloucs | Wycomb | Wycomb |
| Southbury, Gloucs | Duntisbourne Abbots (U) | Wycomb |
| Pinbury, Gloucs | Cirencester | Cerney Wick |
| Marksbury, Avon | Stanton Wick | Aquae Sulis |
| Horbury, Avon | Gatecomb (U) | Berwick |
| Westbury on Trym, Avon | ABONA | Berwick |
| Congresbury, Avon | ISCALIS (U) | Wick St Lawrence |
| Henbury, Avon (Port) | ABONA | Northwick |
| Burgh, Suffolk | Walton Castle | Harwich |
| Burgh, Suffolk | Combretovium to Hacheston | Wickham Market |
| Sudbury, Suffolk | Long Melford | Wickham St Paul |
| Grundisburgh, Suffolk | Ditto | Ditto |
| Rumburgh, Suffolk | SE from Bungay | Dunwich |
| Little Nobury, Warwks | Alcester | Lenchwick |
| Harbury, Warwks | Chesterton | Temple Herdwyke |
| Lower Watchbury, Warwks | Chesterton | Hinwich farm |
| Hawkesbury, Warwks | The Lunt | Edgwick |
| Wappenbury, Warwks | Venonis to Chesterton | Hardwick |
| Harbury, Warwks | Chesterton | Priors Hardwick |
| Fladbury/ Chadbury, Worcs | Ancient track from Cirencester | Wick |
| Upton Snodbury, Worcs | Ditto | Wick |
| Fockbury, Worcs | Salinae to Metchley | Chadwick |
| Oldbury farm, Worcs | Worcester | Rushwick |
| Eastbury, Worcs | Worcester | Henwick |
| Burgh Castle, Norfolk | Gariannum | Wickhampton |
| Burgh, Aylsham, Norfolk | Brampton | Wickmere |
| Burgh St Margaret, Norfolk | Caister | Bastwick |
| Ickburgh, Norfolk | Woodstock Hall | Cranwick |
| Burgh St Peter, Norfolk | (Bungay) to Gariannum | Wicken Well |
| Blythburgh, Norfolk (Port) | (Bungay to coast) | Dunwich |
| Tasburgh, Norfolk | Scole to Venta Icenoroum | Hardwick |
| Attleborough, Norfolk | Ixworth to Venta Icenorum | Eccles Road |
| Narborough, Norfolk | Swanton Morely to March | Ashwicken |
| Ickburgh, Norfolk | Woodstock Hill | Cranwich |
| Scarboro Wood, Norfolk? | Swanton Morely to Burnham | Barwick House |
| Happisburgh, Norfolk (Port or SS) | Brampton to (E coast) | Keswick |
| Burrough Green, Cambs | Gt Chesterford to Camboritum | West Wickham |
| Peterborough (Burgh), Cambs | DOROBTIVAE | Cotterswick |
| The Bury, Cams | DUROLIPONT | Westwick |
| Sudborough, Nhants | Lowick | Duro' to Medbourne |
| Whittlebury, Nhants | Towcester | Wicken |
| Kislingbury, Nhants | Dustoo (U) | Hardwick |
| Wellingborough, Nhants | Irchester | Hardwick |
| Irthlingborough, Nhants | Irchester | Stanwick |
| Ilbury farm, NHants | Banbury | Hardwick |
| Quinbury End, NHants | LACTODURUM | Wicken |
| Burrowsmoor Holt/fields, Leics? | MARGIDUNUM | Colwick |
| Narborough, Leics | Hardwicke Lodge farm | Ratae to Venonis |
| Burgh, Sleaford, Lincs | Sleaford | Anwick |
| Brough, Humber | Petuaria | Hardwicks House |
| Fledborough, Lincs | Newton on Trent | Hardwick |
| Flixborough, Humber | Dragonby (U) | East Butterwick |
| Bilborough, Notts | Broxtowe | Calwick |
| Washingborough, Lincs | LINDUM | Canwick |
| Blyborough, Lincs | Hibaldstow (U) | E/W Butterwick |
| Burgh le Marsh, Lincs (Port) | Lindum to (Skegness) | Wyche |
| Burg on Bain, Lincs | Bannovalum to Caistor | Kenwick |
| Hills Brough farm, Lincs | Caistor | Hardwick/Wykham (Lost) |
| Billingborough, Lincs | Sleaford to Durobrivae | Garwick |
| Braceborough, Lincs | Cavsennis to Durobrivae | Hardwick |
| Westborough, Lincs | Cavsennis to near Willoughby | Wycomb |
| Brough, Notts | CROCALANA | Canwick |
| Littleborough, Notts | SEGELOCUM/LINDUM | Hardwick |
| Brough, Derbys | Navio | The Wicken |
| Attenborough, Derbys | Derventio to Vernemetum | Whitwich |
| Pilsbury, Derbys | Aqvae Arnemetiae to Derventio | Parwich |
| Conksbury, ditto | Ditto | Ditto |
| Newborough/Blithbury, | Rochester to Wall | Grantwich/Colwich |
| Ackbury Heath, Staffs | PENNOCRUCIUM | Bloxwich |
| Norbury, Derbys | Rochester | Grantwich |
| Brough Hall, Staffs | Pennocrucium to Mediolanum | Wistanswick |
| Norbury, Staffs | Pennocricium to Mediolanum | Wistanswick |
| BoroughHill, Staffs? | Letocetum to Dervento | Wychnor |
| Wednesbury, WM Staffs | Pennocrucium to Metchley | Smethwick |
| Hartlebury, Shrops | Greensforge to Viroconium | Wyken/Chesterton |
| Marbury 1, Ches | CONDATE | Leftwich |
| Marbury 2, Ches | MEDIOLANUM | High Wych |
| Prestbury/Hentbury, Chesh | Unidentified fort? | Wick farm |
| Astbury, Chesh | Unidentified fort? | Smethwick Green |
| Knotbury, Chesh | AQUAE ARNEMETIA | Wicken Walls |
| Arbury, Cheshire | Wilderspool | Winwick |
| Daresbury, Chesh | Wilderspool to Deva | Winwick |
| Wrenbury, Ches | Mediolanum to Salinae | Swanwick Green |
| Norbury, Chesh | Swanwick Green | Mediolanum to Salinae |
| Burgwallis, Yorks | Burghwallis | Adwick le Street |
| Scarborough, Yorks | Signal station | Wykeham |
| Goldsborough, Yorks | Signal station | Runswick |
| Breckenbrough (1), N Yorks | Catterick | Ruswick Manor |
| Breckenbrough (2), N Yorks | Breckenbrough | Kepwick |
| Breckenbrough (3), N Yorks | Cawthorn | Butterwick |
| Horbury/Dewsbury, W Yorks | (Pudsey) to Templborough | Pledwick |
| Kexbrough/Worsrough, S Yorks | Ditto | Adwick on Dearne |
| Sprotbrough, S Yorks | DANUM | Adwick on Deane |
| Mexborough, S Yorks | Ditto | Ditto |
| Conisbrough, S Yorks | Ditto | Ditto |
| Barnburgh, S Yorks | Ditto | Ditto |
| Bilbrough, Yorks | Tadcaster | Osbaldswick |
| Eggborough, Yorks | Roall | West Cowick |
| Beningborough, N Yorks | EBURACUM | Osbaldswick |
| Masbrough, S Yorks | Templeborough | Hardwick |
| Thornbury Hill, S Yorks | Bawtry | Hardwick |
| Mosborough, Yorks | Chesterfield to Templeborough | Todwick |
| Londresborough, Yorks | Hayton to Petvaria | Kilwick |
| Flamborough, Yorks | Derventio to E coast | Butterwick |
| Bilbrough, Yorks | Eburacum to Calcaria | Osbaldwick |
| Beningborough, Yorks | Eburacum to Brigantum | New Eastwick |
| Stanbury Yorks | Verbeia to Mancucium | Eldwick |
| Newburgh Priory, Yorks | Derventio to Breckenborough | Kepwick |
| Oubrough, Yorks (Hull) | Derventio to ( near Hull) | Withernwick |
| Didsbury, Gt Man | MAMUCIUM | Ardwick |
| Pendlebury, Gt Man | MAMUCIUM | Prestwich |
| Bredbury, G Man | Manucium to Ardotalia | Wych farm |
| Bury, Gt Manch | Manucium to Ribchester | Prestwich |
| Samlesbury, Lancs | Walton le Dale | Fishwick |
| Salesbury Hall, Lancs | Ribchester | Elswick |
| Newburgh, Lancs | Mancucium to W coast | Horwich |
| Burgh Hall, Lancs | Wilderspool to (near Wigan) | Chadwick Green |
| Musbury Heights, Lancs | Mancucium to Ribchester | Prestwich |
| Littleborough, Lancs | Slack (CAMULODUNUM) | Wicken Lowe |
| Bromborough, Mersey | Deva to (Wallasey) | Shotwick |
| Bradbury, Dur | Elwick | Old Durham (south of) |
| Roxburgh, Nthumb | Trimontium or Temp fort | DarnickEccles |
| Baldersbury, Nthblnd | (Berwick on Tweed) | Alavna to Berwick |
| Stenbury/, I of Wight | Carisbrooke? | Bagwich/Weeks/Week fm |
| Newborough, Anglesey | SEGONTIUM (Caernarfon) | Caergeliog |
| Tyddyn Norbury, Clwyd | Ruthin | - |
| Highbury farm, Gwent | Monmouth | Caer Llan |
| Westbury on Seevern, Glo | Gloucester to Caerwent | Wick Court |
| Highbury, Gloucs/Gwent | Gloucester to Caerwent | Wickselm |
| Knollbury, Gwent | VENTA SILURUM | Hardwick |
| B) Co-incident bury' places near Hfts | probably slighted by the Romans | |
| Lesbury, Nthumb | Alavna | Denwick |
| Rothbury, Nthumb | Alavna | Prendwick |
| Newbrough, Nthumb | Unidentified fort? | Chesterwood |
| Snodbury, Nthumb | Epiacum | Holwick |
| Burgh by Sands, Cumbr | Aballava | - |
| Drumburgh, Cumbria | Concavata | - |
| Brough, Cumbria | Verteris | Holwick |
| Ellenborough Cumbria | Alavna(Maryport) | Ecclesfield |
| Westbury on Severn, Gl | Glevum to Venta Sirurum | Wick farm |
| Highbury, Gloucs | Ditto | Wickselm |
| Sedbury, Gloucs | Ditto | North Wick |
| Knollbury, Gwent | Venta Silurum | Hardwick |
| Limbury, Gloucs | Glevum to Stretn Grandison | Malswick |
| Bury, H&W | Roman ditch near Walton | Hardwick |
| Brobury, H&W | Kenchester | Shellwick |
| Glasbury, H&W | Clyro | Hoel y Gaer |
| Thornbury, H &W | Tedstone Water | Hardwick |
| Risbury, H&W | Blackwardine | Ullingswick |
| Burfa, H&W | Wye crossing near Kenchester | Hardwick |
| Bilbury, H&W | Near Richards Castle | Lower Ledwych |
| Bury, H&W | Ditto | Ditto |
| Burghill, H&W | Kenchester | Shelwick |
| Newbury, Wilts | Vindocladia to Aquae Sulis | Ditto |
| Shaftsbury, Dorset | Ditto | Wyke |
| Melbury Abbas, Dorset | Ditto | Berwick St John |
| West/Eastbury farm, Do | Ditto | Shapwick |
| Amesbury, Wilts | Cunetio to Soviodunum | Berwick St James |
| East Chisenbury, Wilts | Ditto | Potterne Wick |
| Salisbury, Wilts | Sorviodunum | Wick |
| Alderbury, Wilts | Ditto | Wick |
| Poundbury, Dorset | Durnovaria | Wyck Regis |
| Spettisbury, Dorset | Vindocladia | Shapwick |
| Dudsbury, Dorset | Lake Farm | Wick Southbourne |
| Foxbury Hill, Dor | Ditto | Ditto |
| Ensbury, Dor | Ditto | Ditto |
| Chalbury, Dor | Vindocladia to Sorviodunum | Shapwick |
| Limbury, Dor | Durnovaria to Woodbury | Wych |
| Netherbury, Dor | Waddon Hill | Wyke farm |
| Modbury, Dorset | NN | Wych |
| Highbury, Som | Camerton | Ashwick |
| Newbury, Som | Camerton | Ashwick |
| Westbury, Shrops | Viroconium to Levobrinta | Berwick |
| Owlbury Hall/Bagbury, Sh | Brompton | Hardwick |
| Cleobury Mortimer, Shro | Wall Town | Duddlewick |
| Winsbury, Shrops | LEVOBRINTA | Mucklewick Hill |
| Thornbury, Shrops | LEVOBRINTA | Mucklewick Hill |
| Table 5a Supplementary bury' data |
|
|
| Astbury Hall, Shrops | Quatt | Gt Hudwick |
| Elbury Hill, Dorset | Vindocladia to Aquae Sulis | Berwick St John |
| Brackenbury Leazes, Dur | Binchester | Hunwick |
| Elbury Hill, Worcs | Worcester | Rushwick |
| Hertingford/ Brickendon/ Jennings/Bayfordbury, Herts | Ware (U) | Eastwick |
| Wormley/Claverhambury, Herts | Ware to London | Ganwick Corner |
| Bulverhythe, E Sussex | Bury Wood to (Bexhill- Hastings) | Wickham Manor |
| Elbury farm, Devon | Killerton | Wyke |
| Woodbury, Somerset (Wells) | Shepton Mallet | Coxton Wick |
| Woodbury, H&W | Kenchester or Stretton Grandison | Shelwick |
| Woodbury, Beds | Sand | Astwick |
| Brandesburton, E Yorks/Humb |
|
|
| Bulphan, Essex |
|
|
| Buerton, Cheshire |
|
|
| Woodbury, Cornwall (Truro) | -- | Carharrack |
| Bealbury, Cornwall | Calstock | Week, Hardwick farm (Devon) |
| Bury Down (Cornwall) | Lostwithiel | Carlyon Bay |
Table 6 Non-coincident bury' place-names near Hill forts probably slighted by theRomans
| Ledbury, H&W | Dymock |
| Bredenbury, H&W | Tedstone Wafer |
| Bosbury, H&W | Stretton Grandison |
| Aconbury, H&W | Blackwardine to Weston u Penyard |
| Sawbury, H&W | Tedstone Wafer |
| Tenbury Wells, H&W | Teme crossing near Bishops Castle |
| Ivingtongury, Herefds | Magnis to Bravonum |
| Ramsbury, Wilts | Cunetio |
| Yatesbury, Wilts | Verlucio |
| Fosbury, Wilts | Levcomagus to Venta |
| Chisbury, Wilts | Cunetio |
| Ashbury, Wilts | Wanborough |
| Avebury, Wilts | Cunetio |
| Tisbury, Wilts | Vindocladia to Aquae Sulis |
| Westbury, Wilts | Ditto |
| Heytesbury, Wilts | Lindinis to Levcomagus |
| Kintbury, Berks | Calleva to Cunetio |
| Dunbury, Dorset | Vindocladia |
| Abbotsbury, Dor | Ditto |
| Westbury sub Mendip, Som | Shepton Mallet |
| Kingsbury Episcopi, Som | Ham Hill |
| Pibsbury, Som | Lindinis to Badrip |
| Glastonbury, Som | Ditto |
| Melsbury, Som | Ditto |
| Clunbury, Shrops | Leintwardine |
| Rushbury, Shrops (mound) | Stetford Bridge to Viroconium |
| Diddlesbury, Shrops | Ditto |
| Lydbury N, Shrops | Ditto |
| Norbury, Shrops | Stetford Bridge to Viroconium |
| Shrewsbury, Shrops | Viroconium to Levobrinta |
| Pontesbury, Shrops | Viroconium to Levobrinta |
| Alberbury, Shrops | Ditto |
| Cleobury North, Shrops | Wall Town |
| Beckbury, Shrops (mound) | Greensforge to Viroconium |
| Knowbury, Shrops | Wall Town |
| Sidbury, Shrops | Ditto |
| Maesbury, Shrops | Llanymynech |
| Onibury, Shrops | Stretford Bridge |
Table 7 Other bury' place-names not co-incident with a Roman fort, town or road
| bury' place | Possible Roman fort/ton or road | |
| Holbury, Hants | Bitterne | |
| Exbury, Hants | Ditto | |
| Sarisbury, Hants | Ditto | |
| Old Bergclere, Hants | East Anton to Silchester | |
| Bransbury, Hants | East Anton | |
| Timsbury, Hants | Onna (Nursling) | |
| Whitsbury, Hants | Old Sarum to Badbury | |
| Bury, Sussex | Hardham to Chichester | |
| Shermanbury, Sussex | Hardham to Hassocks | |
| Wateringbury, Kent | By Chart Sutton | |
| Tilbury Green, Essex | Cambridge to Long Meford | |
| Little Mashbury, Essex | Great Dunmow to London | |
| Wallbury, Essex | Braughing to Harlow | |
| Danbury, Essex | Chelmsford | |
| Hasbury, Worcs/WMids | Metchley | |
| Hartlebury, Worcs | Droitwich to Greesforge | |
| The Burf, Worcs | Ditto, Severn crossing point | |
| Overbury, Worcs | Worcester to Tewkesbury | |
| Hanbury, Worcs (mound) | Droitwich | |
| Adderbury, Oxfs | Lower Lea | |
| Banbury, Ox | Ditto | |
| Blewbury, Ox | Dorchester to Silchester | |
| Spelsbury, Oxfs | Alchester to Asthall | |
| Charlbury, Oxfs | Alchester to Asthall | |
| Oxborough, Nfolk | Swanton Morley to March | |
| Bawburgh, Nfolk | Caistor St Edmund | |
| Ryburgh, Nfolk | Swanton to Burnham | |
| Burrough on Hill, Leics | Fort or Hill? | |
| Queniborough, Leics | Ratae to Willoughby | |
| Loughborough, Leics | Leicester to Willoughby | |
| Bury, Cam | Possible fort | |
| Wimblebury, Staffs | Wall | |
| Bushbury, Staffs | Water Eaton | |
| Tutbury, Staffs | Littlechester to Wall | |
| Hanbury, Staffs (mound) | Ditto | |
| Gainsborough, Lincs | Littleborough | |
| Upper Bucklebury, Berk | Silchester to Wanborough | |
| Tetbury, Gloucs (mound) | White Walls | |
| Bibury, Gloucs | Cirencester to Asthall | |
| Almondsbury, Avon | Sudbrook (possibly) | |
| Thornbury, Avon | Rangeworthy | |
| Hawkesbury, Avon | Ditto | |
| Old Sodbury, Avon | Ditto | |
| Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk | Ixworth | |
| Burgh/ Grundisburgh, Suffolk | Baylham House to Hacheston | |
| Stuchbury, NHants | Towcester to Alchester( by a mine) | |
| Desborough, Nhants | Medbourne or Kettering | |
| Guilsborough, NHants | Whilton Lodge | |
| Kingsbury, Warwks (mound) | Mancetter | |
| Birdingbury, Warwks | High Cross to Chesterton | |
| Lathbury, Bucks | Dropshot | |
| Soulbury, Bucks | Ditto | |
| Tidbury Green, Warwks | Long Melford to Cambridge | |
| Ludborough, Lincs | Caistor to Hornecastle | |
| Yarburgh, Lincs | Ditto | |
| Harbrough, Humb/Lincs | Caistor to Humber | |
| Stallingborough, Lincs | Ditto | |
| Dalbury, Derbys | Littlechester | |
| Barlborough, Derbys | Chesterfield | |
| Woodborough, Notts | Calverton/Osmanthorpe | |
| Clarborough, Notts | Littleborough | |
| Worthenbury, Flints | Whitchurch to Chester | |
| Bunbury, Chesh | Whitchurch to Middlewich | |
| Wybunbury, Chesh | Ditto | |
| Almondbury, Yorks | Slack | |
| Hemingbrough, Yorks | Fort? | |
| Goldsborough, Yorks | Isurium to Verbeia | |
| Knarsborough, Yorks | Isurium to Newton Kyme | |
| Middlesbrough, Clev | Old Durham to Breckenborough | |
| Guisborough, Clev | Huntcliff | |
| Sidbury, Devon | Gittisham | |
| Wembury, Devon | Calstock | |
| Luxborough, Som | Alternatively hill' | |
| Snugborough, Isle of Man | Alternatively hill'? | |
| England | Wales | Scotland (Barrow:52) |
| Eccles, Kent | Eglwys Cross, Wrexham, Cwydd | Eglismenythok, Monymusk |
| Eccles, Salfbrd | Eglwys Fach, Ceredigion | Eglismaquhen, Glenclova |
| Eccles, Greater Manchester | Eglwys Nunydd, Neath Port Talbot | Inglismaldie, Aberluthnot |
| Eccles Alley, Herefordshire | Eglwys-Anne Warren Ffridd, Gwynedd | Eglisjohn, Dun |
| Eccles Common, Norfolk | Eglwys-Brewis, Vale of Glamorgan | Egglespether, Forfar |
| Eccles Fm, Lancashire | Eglwysbach, Conwy | Ecclesmonichtie, Monifieth |
| Eccles Fm, Lancashire | Eglwyseg, Denbighshire | Ecclesdovenavin, Errol |
| Eccles Green, Herefordshire | Eglwyswen, Pembrokeshire | Exmagirdle, Dron |
| Eccles Hall, Norfolk | Eglwyswrw, Pembrokeshire | Egliscaynauch, Kilmadock |
| Eccles Heath, Norfolk | Eglwys, Ludchurch, Pemb | Eglisdisdane, Kilmadock |
| Eccles Ho, Derbyshire | Eglwys Drindon, Christchurch, Gwent | Gleneagles, Cather Lavenach |
| Eccles Newton, Borders | Eglwys Faen, Powys | Eglismartin, Strathmiglo |
| Eccles on Sea, Norfolk | Eglesnamin, Kinrymonth | |
| Eccles Road, Norfolk | Ecclesmaline, Kinghorn | |
| Ecclesall Wood, Sheffield | Ecclesmarten, Aberdour | |
| Ecclesbourne Glen. Sussex | Cornwall | Eccles, Stirling |
| Ecclesden Fm. West Sussex | Eglos Fm, Cornwall | Egglesbrech, Falkirk or Callendar |
| Ecclesfield, Sheffield | Egloshayle, Cornwall | Eaglesham, Mearns |
| Eccleshall, Staffordshite | Egloskerry, Cornwall | Eglismalessok, Carluke |
| Eccleshill. Bradford | Eglis, Pencuik | |
| Eccleston, Cheshire | Eaglescarnie, Haddington | |
| Eccteslon, Lancashire | Eccles Cairn, Tetholm | |
| Eccleston. Merseyside | ||
| Eccleston, St Hetens | Ecclesiamagirdle House, Perth | |
| Eccleston Hill. Cheshire | Ecclaw, Lothian | |
| Eccleswall Court, Herefords | Ecclesgreig, Abendeenshire | |
| Egglescliffe Stockton | Eccles Caim, Scottish Borders | |
| Eaglesfield, Cumbria | Eccles, Scottish Borders | |
| Exhall+, Warks | Eccles, D and G | |
| Exhall+, Warks | Ecclesmachen, Bancour, Lothian |
+ = Eccles
Table 11 Dun' place-names with a gaelic' suffix in Ireland
| Northern Ireland | Donegal | Dooneen |
| Downhill | Doon( nr Sligo) | Doon N/S (nr Tipperary) |
| Dunluce | Dungar | Ballygodoon |
| Dunseverick | Doon/Derrydoon (nr Cavan) | Lisdoonvana |
| Dunaghy | Dundian (nr Armagh) | Doonasleen E/W |
| Dunloy | Doon (nr Athlone) | Dunbarry |
| Dungall | Dundoogan | Doonpeter |
| Dunnyvadden | Dunleever | Dunbullogue |
| Dungiven | Dunganny | Dunkettle |
| Dundonald | Dunshaughill | Donegal (nr Cork) |
| Dunmurry | Dunboyne | Dungourney |
| Duneight | Dunmurraghill | Doonavanig |
| Dundrum | Dunlavin | Dunderrow |
| Downpatrick | Dun Laoghaire | Dunmanway |
| Dungannon | Dunegan | Dunkelly |
| Dunnaval | Dunard | Dunmore (nr Waterford) |
| R of Ireland | Doon Demesne | Duncormick |
| Dundalk | Doon (nr Kilconnell) | Dunbrody |
| Dunbin | Doon E/W (nr Galway) | Duncannon |
| Dunmahon | Dooneen | Dunganstown |
| Dunaree | Doon N/S(nr Tralee) | Dungarvan |
| Dunisaire | Doonore | Southdowney (nr Port Laoise) |
| Dunaldron | Doonsheane | Downs lane |
| Dundrannan | Doonlies East | Dunlavin |
| Dunaff | Dooneen | Killygordon? |
| Dunfanaghy | Dunloe | |
| Dunmore Lower | Brandon | |
| Dungloe | Dooncaha | |
| Dunwiley Upper | Doonard Lower | |
| Dunkineely | Lickadoon (nr Limerick) |
Table 9 Caer, Gaer and Y Gaer places (farms, villages and towns)
| Wales - Caer Caer Gybi+ [Roman fort] Anglesey Caer Llan, Monmouthshire Caer Llugwy, Conwy Caer-arglwyddes, Ceredigion Caer-Cynog, Gwynedd Caer-Estyn, Wrexham Caer Faban, Conwy Caer-Farchell, Pembrokeshire Caer-glaw, Isle of Anglesey Caer-Lan, Powys Caer-moel, Caerphilly Caer-uchedydd, Carmarthen Caerau, Powys Caerau, Gwynedd Caerau, Cardiff Caerau, Powys Caerau, Gwynedd Caerau, Ceredigion Caerau, Isle of Anglesey Caerau, Bridgend Caerau, Powys Caerau, Gwynedd Caerau, Bridgend Caerau, Cardiff Caerau Isaf, Gwynedd Caerau Park, Caerberllan, Gwynedd Caerbigyn Fm, Carmarthenshire Caerbwla, Powys Caercappin, Powys Caerdegog Isaf, Isle of Anglesey Caerdegog Uchaf, Anglesey Caerdeon, Gwynedd Caerdydd or Cardiff+, Cardiff Caeremi, Bridgend Caerfai, Pembrokeshire Caerfallen, Gwynedd Caerphilly+, Gwynedd* Caerforiog, Pembrokeshire Caerfyrddin-fach, Ceredigion Caergeiliog, Isle of Anglesey Caergribin, Gwynedd Caergwanaf-isaf, Rhondda Cynon Taff Caergwrle+, Flintshire Caergwrli, Isle of Anglesey Caerhafod, Pembrokeshire Caerhedyn, Ceredigion Caerhendy, Neath Caerhoslligwy, Isle of Anglesey Caerhowel Hall, Powys Caerhowell, Rhondda Cynon Taff Caerhun, Gwynedd* Caerhyn, Carmarthenshire Caerhys, Pembrokeshire Caerlem, Pembrokeshire | Caerlleon+, Carmarthenshire Caerllion or Caerleon+, Newport * Caerllugest, Ceredigion Caerloda, Gwynedd Caermaenau Fawr, Pembrokeshire Caermalwas, Carmarthenshire Caermead, The Vale of Glamorgan Caermeini, Pembrokeshire Caermeirch, Ceredigion Caernarfon+, Gwynedd * Caeronwy, Gwynedd Caersegan, Pembrokeshire Caersws+, Powys* Caervega, Pembrokeshire Caerwedros, Ceredigion Caerwen, Pembrokeshire Caerwen, Cardiff / Caerdydd Caerwenlli, Ceredigion Caerwent , Monmouthshire* Caerwigau, The Vale of Glamorgan Caerwnon Ho, Powys Caerwych, Gwynedd7 Caerwys, Flintshire Caerynwch, Gwynedd Carmarthen+, Carm* Wales-Gaer++ Gaer, Newport Gaer nr Bwlch, Powys* Gaer, Powys Gaer, Powys Gaer, Powys Gaer Fm++, Isle of Anglesey Gaer Ho, Monmouthshire Gaerddu, Gwynedd Gaer-gerrig, Conwy Gaergoed, Gwynedd Gaergywydd, Ceredigion Gaerllwyd, Monmouthshire Gaerwen, Gwynedd Gaerwen, Isle of Anglesey Gaerwen, Isle of Anglesey Gaerwen Fm, Isle of Anglesey Gaerwen Fm, Gwynedd Gaerwen Isaf, Carmarthenshire Gelli Gaer, Glamorgan* Wales-Y Gaer Y Gaer, Powys {CICUCIUM Brecon Roman fort } Y Gaer, Powys {Caersws Roman fort} Y Gaer, Ceredigion {Place} Heol y Gaer, Powys {Clyro Roman fort} The Gaer, H & W {Clifford Roman fort} The Gaer, Powys (LEVOBRINTA FordenGaer RF} | Cornwall - Car Carharrack+, Cornwall Carlyon Bay+, Cornwall Cardinham+, Cornwall Scotland Kirkcaldy+, Fife Carnoustie+, Tays Caerlaverock, Perth & Kinross Carluke+, Strath Sanquhar +, D&G (Old fort) Sanquhar, Grampian East Sanquhar, Strathclyde/ Ayrshire Cardonald+++, Strath Kirkintilloch+, Strath Carmunnock+++, Strath Caerlanrig, Borders England - Car/Caer Cardurnock+, Cumbria Castle Carrock+, Cumbria Caer Mote, Cumbria Carlisle+, Cumbria Caerswall Fm, Herefordshire Caerwents, Gloucestershire |
Table 10 Burgh' places in Scotland and Wales
| Scotland | ||
| Burgh' place | Nearest Roman fort or town | Nearest wick' |
| Musselburgh, Loth | Inveresk | Borthwick |
| Edinburgh, Loth | Cramond | Borthwick |
| Scraesburgh, Borders | Cappuck | Hawick |
| Dryburgh, Borders | Trimontum (Newstead) | Hawick |
| Dryburgh, D&G | Glenlochar | |
| Newburgh, Fife | Carpow | |
| Colinsburgh, Fife | Temp fort | Chesterstone |
| Winchburgh, Loth | Livingston | |
| Burghmuir, Loth | VELUNIATE | |
| Burghlee, Loth | Elginhaugh | Borthwick |
| Burghmuir Farm, Strath | Biggar | Chesterhall |
| Osnaburgh, Fife | Temp fort? | Chesterhill |
| Salsburgh, Strath | Bothwellhaugh | |
| Burghlee, Tays | Keithock | Mains of Hedderwick |
| Newburgh (1), Gramp | Not known near Fraserburgh | |
| Fraserburgh, Gramp | NN on coast | |
| Newburgh (2), Gramp | NN ditto | Wicketslap |
| Maryburgh, Highland | NN ditto | |
| Marionburgh, Highland | Kintore | Berwick |
| Burghnamary, Highland | Bellie | |
| Branderburgh, Highland | NN on coast | |
| ---- | Temp fort near Dundee | Nether Handwick |
| Canterbury, Grampian | Miurifold | |
| Broughs, Highlands, Orkney and Shetlands | Viking ? | |
| Burghead, Highland | On coast near Hill fort c300 AD (Hogg) | |
| Wales | ||
| Solbury nearr Milford Haven, Dyfed | Unidentified | various caer farms nearby |
| Newborough, Anglesey | Caernarfon | various caer farms nearby |
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